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in
Horner
Syndrome
Eugene F. May, MD
Neuro-ophthalmic Consultants Northwest
Seattle Neuroscience Institute at Swedish Medical Center
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
• Horner JF. Über eine Form von
Ptosis. Klinische Monatsblätter
für Augenheilkunde.
1869;7:193-198.
– No references
– Described by Claude
Bernard (1850)
– Described by Francois
Pourfour de Petit (1727)
Anatomy
Pharmacology
Findings
• Ptosis
– upper eyelid ptosis
– inverse ptosis
– narrowing of the palpebral fissure
• facial anhidrosis
• miosis
– > 1.0 mm
– dilatation lag
• any combination of the above
– van der Wiel HL The diagnosis of Horner’s syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg.
1988;90:103-108.
Miosis
• Ptosis
– iris constrictor unopposed
– 1 - 1.5 mm miosis
• greatest in dim illumination
• dilation lag
– pupil dilation is passive
Is there a chance combination of
the ptosis and miosis?
• No anhidrosis
• No associated neurologic symptoms
or findings
Historical Background
• Horner syndrome
– anisocoria of 1.0 mm or more is consistent
– normal result does not exclude Horner’s
– Van der Wiel HL, Van Gijn J. The diagnosis of Horner’s syndrome:
use and limitations of the cocaine test. J Neurol Sci. 1986;74:311-
316.
Cocaine test
• Chances of a Horner syndrome increase
with anisocoria
– anisocoria of 0.8 mm = odds ratio of 1050:1
– anisocoria of 1.0 mm = odds ratio of 6000:1
• but measured anisocoria of up to 0.9 mm in normals
• anisocoria as little as 0.3 mm in Horner group
• Pivotal study
– more reliable than dilute epinephrine testing
– Thompson HS and Mensher JH. Adrenergic mydriasis in Horner’s
syndrome. Hydroxyamphetamine test for diagnosis of
postganglionic defects. Am J Ophthalmol 1971;72:472-480.
Hydroxyamphetamine test
• Post-drop anisocoria
– difference in dilation
• 1.0 mm: 85% chance of post-ganglionic lesion
• 1.5 mm: 96% chance of post-ganglionic lesion
• Problems
– range of variability exists
• even in normals
– Cremer et al. Hydroxyamphetamine mydriasis in normal
subjects. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;110:66-70.
• extent of deficit influences test results
– false negative in acute Horner’s
• one week before NE stores are exhausted
– must wait two days after cocaine test
Hydroxyamphetamine test
• False positive
– if second and third order neuron involved
• extensive tumor
• radiation
– blood supply to the SCG arises lower in the
neck
– congenital
• trans-synaptic degeneration of 2o neuron
Hydroxyamphetamine test
Alternatives