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BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF

ARCHITECTURE

Presented By :- TOPIC – CAVITY WALL


Ayushi - 04
Dhara – 06
Dhwani – 07
Nidhi – 14
Mudra – 17
Saquib – 25
Harsh – 28
Lateef – 29
FACULTY :-
Parth – 30 AR.VIREN MAHIDA
Nidhi - 36 AR. NIREV KHANDWALA
CONTENT

• Introduction
• Types
• Details of cavity wall
• Types according to material
• Hollow blocks
• Insulation
• construction
What is cavity wall
• A cavity wall or hollow wall is the one which consists of
two separate walls, called leaves or skins, with a cavity or
gap in between.

• The size of cavity varies from 4 to 10 cm. the inner and


outer skins should not be less than 10 cm each

Solid wall Cavity wall • It is constructed for thermal & sound insulation by
creating buffer zone between two leaves.

• It also prevents dampness to enter. The


moisture on the outer wall can’t enter the
inner wall because the walls are not in
contact with each other.

• Both the leaves are connected by metal


pins , tie or bonding bricks.
TERMS
•Air space :- Space made in exterior
construction that supplies a way for moisture to
escape and the walls to dry.
•Weep holes:- a weep hole, or a weep-brick is a
small opening that allows water to drain from
within an assembly.

•Ventilation duct :- It is a conduits or passage


used in heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air.

•Cavity tray and cavity gutter :- A cavity tray is a damp-proof course (DPC) that crosses the cavity of
a cavity wall in order to prevent dampness from permeating the internal skin of a wall. A cavity tray
steps up between the outer and inner leaves, to form a gutter which leads to a weep hole in the
outer leaf.
•Foundation wall :- The masonry or concrete walls below ground level that serve as the main
support for a structure. Foundation walls also form the sides of a basement area.
ADVANTAGES OF CAVITY WALLS
1)The external moisture (dampness) cannot travel inside the building as there is no direct contact between the
inner and outer leaves.

2)The cavity between, the two leaves is full of air which is bad conductor of heat.
Hence transmission of heat from external face to the inside the room is very much
reduced.
Enables heat transfer

3)The cavity wall have 25% greater heat insulating value than
the solid walls.

4)The two leaves are connected by wall ties to spread lateral


loads.

5)They have good sound insulation property.

6)They are economical.

7)Loads on foundation are reduced because of


lesser solid thickness.
DISADVANTAGES OF CAVITY WALLS

1)Filling the cavity with insulation will always hold the risk
that moisture will be able to find its way across to then
inside, whatever the insulation material.

2) Another problem concerns wall-tie corrosion; cavity


insulation makes the outer brick leaf colder, and therefore
wetter, which can accelerate rusting of the wall ties.

3) And if the ties then have to be replaced, there is no


satisfactory way of refilling the holes in the insulation,
whatever the material.

4) Need skilled workmanship.


TYPES OF CAVITY WALL

FULLY FILLED PARTIALLY FILLED CLEAR CAVITY


SOLID WALL
CAVITY WALL CAVITY WALL WALL

 SOLID CAVITY WALL :-


•In solid wall hollow blocks are used to form cavity and no space is formed .
• Solid walls can be insulated either from the inside or the outside.

 FULL FILLED CAVITY WALL :-


•In fully filled cavity wall in between two walls certain mixtures are added to reduce
heat loss through wall.
•This immobilises the air within the cavity, preventing convection, and heating cost.
•This can be a more cost-efficient way of heating one’s house.
TYPES OF CAVITY WALL
 PARTIAL FILLED CAVITY WALL :-
• In this wall the cavity is half filled and half not filled.
• It does not support the growth of fungi.
• Eliminates the risk of water penetration.

 CLEAR CAVITY WALL :-


• made up of two walls with a gap in between, known as
the cavity; the outer leaf is usually made of brick, and
the inner layer of brick or concrete block
Typical section of a cavity wall

• In the case of brick cavity wall , outer leaf


is half brick thick and the inner leaf varies
in the multiple of half brick as per the
need.
• Cavity should be between 40mm
to100mm.
• Both the leaf are joined together by TIE.
• Distance between ties must be around
900mm horizontally and 450mm
vertically.
• To prevent both the leaf from moisture
damp proof course is provided(D.P.C).
Position of cavity wall at foundation
• The cavity of the wall extends up to eaves at top till
foundation at the bottom.
• Varies methods are adopted for this.
• The figure shows the alternative methods for
construction.
a) Cavity is extended till the concrete base with
introduction od DPC just below the ground level.
Not used where ground water level is high.
b) Cavity is extended up to the ground or 150-300mm
below DPC. Weeps must be provided ventilation.
c) D.P.C must be provided 150mm above the ground
level and cavity must be extended atleast 150mm
below D.P.C.
d) If there is wooden flooring then duct is introduced ,
it extends through two leaf of the wall and must be
sealed form all the sides.
Position of cavity wall at roof

• In the case of flat roof the cavity extends


upto bottom of coping or slightly above
the flat roof.
• And if it is slopping it extends upto eaves.
• If cavity extends upto coping then one
D.P.C layer is provided just below coping
and if not then two layers of D.P.C is
provided one below the coping and other
just the roof.
• Figure shows the details of cavity at
eaves.
Wall Tie
• The tie are used hold the two leaf of the wall together, these makes
the wall stronger.
• The ends of the tie are designed to lock into the cement.
•Also incorporated into the design of the tie is means of preventing
water transfer from the outer to the inner leafs. In flat ties this can be
a twist.
•The wall ties are placed in suitable arrangement , at the rat of at least
5 ties per sq.m wall area.

• Distance between ties must be around 900mm horizontally and


450mm vertically.
• Ties are made of steel , fully galvanized to protect from rusting
• Area where moisture is more , copper or bronze ties are used.
TYPES OF CAVITY WALL BY MATERIAL
BRICK CAVITY WALLS
• It is one of the most common cavity wall
constructed.

• According to the need of load brick masonry are


used
TYPES OF CAVITY WALL BY MATERIAL
STONE CAVITY WALLS
• Solid stone walls absorb moisture from
outside, unless they are very thick.
• Due to this moisture travel, internal
finishings are damaged.
• Therefore, cavity walls are constructed,
having inner leaf of half bricks and
outer leaf of masonry.

• Fig 1 shows a cavity wall with outer


leaf of ashlar.
• Fig 2 shows another cavity wall with
outer leaf of rubble masonry and inner
leaf of bricks, supporting a sloping roof.
TYPES OF CAVITY WALL BY MATERIAL
HOLLOW BLOCKS
• Hollow and dense cement concrete blocks are known as
hollow blocks.
• These have been developed as an alternative to bricks. The
products are widely used in construction activity.
• The hollow blocks are made of cement, stone chips, stone dust
and sand are not only cheaper than bricks but have other
specialties as well.
• These blocks have more tensile strength, the walls constructed
from these blocks act as thermal insulators because of their
hollowness.

NO OF THICKNESS OF THICNESS AT THICKNESS THICKNESS THICKNESS


FLOORS FOUNDATION GROUND AT 1ST AT 2ND AT 3RD
• In comparison to conventional bricks, they
(cm) FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR offer the advantages of uniform quality,
- 30 OR 20 20 - - - faster speed of construction, lower labor
1. 30 20 20 - - involvement and longer durability.
2. 30 30 30 20 -
3. 40 40 30 30 20
HOLLOW BLOCKS
• The concrete blocks used in masonry are dry.
• Blocks of successive courses should be laid in such a way that the
vertical joints are staggered.
• The joints should be uniform and 5 to 10 mm thick.
• Generally cement-lime-sand mortar of mix proportion is used and
it should not stronger than the concrete mix used for concrete
blocks.
• The blocks used for external walls should have absorption less than
10%. For internal walls the absorption should be less than 15%.
• Hollow concrete blocks can be used for
(a) exterior load bearing walls,
(b) interior walls,
(c) Panel walls,
(d) columns,
(e) retaining walls and
(f) compound walls.
ADVANTAGES OF HOLLOW CONCRETE
BLOCK
• On account of their regular and uniform size and less weight, concrete block afford greater facility in masonry
construction, which results in rapid execution of work.
• Hollow block of concrete permit adoption of thinner walls.
• There is a great saving of material on account of the blocks being hollow from inside.
• On account of the large size of concrete block , the number of joints in a work are lesser and hence there is a
saving of mortar.
• The hollow space in the block enable the masonry to have good insulating properties against sound, heat and
dampness.
• Unskilled labour can be employed in hollow concrete block masonry.
• The rough surface of the concrete blocks makes plastering (if needed) easier.
• Hollow concrete blocks are structurally stronger than bricks.
• Blocks can withstand the atmospheric actions and do not require plaster or any other covering or facia work.
DISADVANTAGE OF HOLLOW
CONCRETE BLOCK
• People take short-cuts and not fill every block with mortar. By taking this short-cut, the integrity of
the foundation is compromised and the structure is relatively weak.
• High maintenance costs for block foundations.
• Concrete blocks are not pretty.
• Concrete is not easily covered and is difficult to visually enhance.
• Waterproofing is a must. The blocks are porous and the mortar is not leak proof. Therefore a
commercial grade waterproof sealer is required to ensure that the foundation does not leak.
CAVITY WALL INSULATION
• Cavity wall insulation is used to reduce heat loss through a cavity wall by filling the air space with
material that inhibits heat transfer.
• This immobilises the air within the cavity (air is still the actual insulator).

• During construction of new buildings, cavities are often


filled with glass fibre wool or rock wool panels placed
between the two leaves (sides) of the wall, but many
other building insulation materials offer various
advantages and many others are also widely used. 
Construction of cavity wall
•Cavity wall is the set centrally over the concrete base , without any footing.

•Accordingly to I.S recommendation the lower part is of cavity may be filled lean
concrete upto a few centimeters above existing G.L .

•The top of the filling should be sloped with weep holes at the 1m intervals along
the outer leaf of the Wall any designed kind of facing brick or it may also be
common bricks finished with rendering.

•The two leaves should be tie together with wall ties

•Bond for cavity wall construction should consist of of stretcher bond for half
brick leaves and any ordinay bond such as english bond or Flemish bond for
leaves which are one brick or more thick

•Where solid wall are joining cavity wall , bonding of former into latter should
conform to the principle .
Construction of cavity wall
•Stretcher in the solid bond should extend half brick into the inner leaf of the
cavity wall and closer as shall be used for good bonding
Pic tie plan
•Brick should be laid very carefully to leave the cavity free form mortar
dropping

•The position of wall ties should be predetermined so as to have uniform


spacing preferably in centers.

•The cavity should be made free form rubbish and mortar dropping by
means of a timber batten 25mm thick and width about 12 mm less than
cavity, resting over tie

•The batten is supported on wall ties and the brick work is carried out on
either side of the batten ,to height where next row of wall ties are
provided.

•After this , the battern is liffted up , cleaned of mortar dropping and


replaced over the next row of wall ties. Book pic
Thank you

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