Virus –Induced

T1 Diabetes
Sherniah Kalicharan, Manisha
Maharaj, Safraz Mohammed,
Kairos Moses
  WHAT IS T1D?
 GLOBAL PREVALANCE OF TYPE ONE
DIABETES
 TYPE OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
 CAUSATIVE AGENTS
Contents to  CLINICAL SYMPTOMS

be Discussed  MECHANISMS OF IMMUNITY  FOR TYPE 1

DIABETES
 CURRENT THERAPIES
 FUTURE RESEARCH
 SUMMARY
GLOBAL
PREVALANCE OF
TYPE 1 DIABETES
DIABETES IN THE WORLD
PREDICTED
DIABETES
CASES
GLOBALLY
-2013
Age-sex standardised incidence rates (per 100,000 population per annum)
of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents aged 0–14 years, 2019
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF TYPE 1
DIABETES
Type 1
Diabetes can
be classified as
a Type IV
delayed
Hypersensitivit
y response
SEVERAL FACTORS CAN RESULT IN THE ONSET OF
DIABETES
These
include:
Genetic Susceptability

Environmental Triggers

Autoimmune Response

Absolute Insulin Deficiency 

GENETIC SUSCEPTABILITY

Changes on the
short arm of the
Chromosome 6, as
well as 11 can lead
to the onset of
Type 1 Diabetes
ENVIRONMENTAL
TRIGGERS
AUTOIMMUNE
RESPONSE
 AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE

1) Insulitis: The inflammation of the islets of Langerhans present in the

pancreas caused by infiltration of CD8+, CD4+ cells along with other
lymphocytes and the hyperexpression of Class 1 MHC

2) Cell Mediated Immune Response: Lymphocytes, NK cell, and

macrophages/monocytes appear to Be involved. Cytokines such as
IFN-Y, TNF and IL-1 produced by these cells tend to mediate Beta cell
destruction.
3) Circulating Anti-bodies: Although Type 1 diabetes is not an Anti-
body mediated response, it was discovered that various anti-bodies
were present on the islet cells within patient diagnosed with type 1
diabetes. Thus they reflect Beta cell damage but is not responsible for
mediating Beta-cell destruction
VIRAL CAUSATIVE
AGENTS
Enteroviru Cytomega
ses, loviruses,

Rotavirus, Parovirus,
MECHANISMS OF
ACTION
What really
happens
CLINICAL
SYMPTOMS
CURRENT
THERAPIES
Transplantation of islets beta cell regeneration

insulin gene therapy recombinant adeno-associated virus

Enterovirus
Enterovirus
vaccine 
FUTURE
RESEARCH
USE OF ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
USE OF STEM
CELLS

ETHICAL
ISSUES????
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
 CONCLUSION
Type 1 diabetes affects youth mainly and
is prevalent in low-income countries 
Virus induced T1D is due to environmental
triggers mainly enteroviruses 
Viruses trigger TID by perturbation or
thymic T cell education, Beta cell specific
infection, bystander activation and
Molecular Mimicry 
Some symptoms include fatigue, frequent
urination and weight loss
Insulin gene therapy  is the main
treatment
Future research in T1D includes stem cell
use, xenotransplantation and use of
 It is NOT preventable.
It is NOT reversible.
It has NO cure only treatments
It has NOTHING to do with diet or
lifestyle.
It can occur at ANY age.
THANK YOU 

Questions?