Chapter 33 Notes

Invertebrates
Concept 33.1
Phylum porifera:
- asymmetric
- ex. sponges
- sessile adults, larva may swim
- have no nerves or muscles; individual
cells can sense and react to
environmental changes
Concept 33.1
- filter-feeders; choanocytes, or collar
cells, ingest food filtered through the
sponge
- most are hermaphrodites
Concept 33.1
Concept 33.1
Concept 33.2
Phylum Cnidaria:
- radial symmetry
- ex. jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones,
coral
- have stinging cells called nematocysts
or cnidocysts; eject a barbed thread
- contain a gastrovascular cavity; single
opening
Concept 33.2
Concept 33.2
- sessile forms are called polyp; free-
floating are called medusa
- diploblastic (epidermis and
gastrodermis); between layers is the
mesogloea
Concept 33.2
Concept 33.2
Concept 33.2
Concept 33.2
There are 3 classes of Cnidarians:
Hydrozoa:
- ex. hydra, Portuguese man-of-war
- most marine
- both polyp and medusa stages; polyp
is often colonial
Concept 33.2
Scyphozoa:
- ex. jellies
- all marine
- polyp stage is reduced
- free-swimming
Concept 33.2
Concept 33.2
Anthozoa:
- ex. sea anemones, coral
- all marine
- medusa stage absent
- sessile
Concept 33.2
Concept 33.2
Phylum Ctenophora:
- means “comb-bearer” for the eight
rows of fused cilia
- ex. comb jellies
- tentacles contain colloblasts to
capture prey
Concept 33.3
Phylum Platyhelminthes:
- ex. Flatworms, flukes, tapeworms
- bilateral symmetry
- unsegmented
- triploblastic; acoelomates (no body
cavity)
Concept 33.3
Class Turbellaria:
- flatworms
- free-living
- rely on diffusion for movement of
food, oxygen, and waste
- asexual and sexual reproduction; can
regenerate lost parts
Concept 33.3
Concept 33.3
Concept 33.3
Class Trematoda:
- ex. blood flukes, liver flukes
- all parasitic: feed on veins/organs of
host
- hermaphroditic
Concept 33.3
Class Cestoidea:
- ex. tapeworms
- all are parasites
- attach to intestinal wall with scolex
and absorb food from host
Concept 33.3
Concept 33.3
Phylum Rotifera:
- psuedocoelomates
- freshwater
- complete digestive tract
- fluid in psuedocoelom acts as a
hydrostatic skeleton
Concept 33.3
Concept 33.3
Phylum Nematoda:
- ex. roundworms
- complete digestive system and closed
circulatory system: blood is contained in
vessels
- decomposers and parasites
Concept 33.4
Phylum Mollusca:
- ex. snails, slugs, clams, squids,
octopuses
- body consists of three parts: foot,
visceral mass, mantle
- open circulatory system
- gas exchange is via gills, lungs, or the
body surface (diffusion)
Concept 33.4
Concept 33.4
Class Polyplacophora:
- ex. chitons
- use foot to cling to rocks
- simple nervous system and sense
organs
Concept 33.4
Concept 33.4
Class Gastropoda:
- “stomach-foot”
- ex. snails and slugs
- torsion: uneven growth in the
visceral mass; rotates 180 degrees
- exchange gases via gills; use mantle
cavity
Concept 33.4
Concept 33.4
Class Bivalvia:
- “hatchet-foot”
- ex. clams, oysters, mussels
- foot used for motility or anchorage
- suspension feeders
- no distinct head
Concept 33.4
Concept 33.4
Class Cephalopoda:
- “head-foot”
- ex. squid and octopus
- carnivores; beak-like jaw to crush prey
- have chromatophores to allow them
to change colors
- shell is reduced or absent
Concept 33.4
Concept 33.5
Phylum Annelida:
- ex. earthworms, leeches
- all are segmented
- setae project from cuticle
- closed circulatory system; aortic
arches
Concept 33.5
- developed nervous system with two
ventral, solid nerve cords and cerebral
ganglia
- complete digestive system: mouth-
crop-gizzard-intestine-anus
- sexual and asexual reproduction
- tactile organs, chemoreceptors,
balance receptors, and photoreceptors
Concept 33.5
Concept 33.5
Concept 33.5
Class Oligochaeta:
- ex. earthworm
- all have setae
- help aerate soil and cycle nutrients
Concept 33.5
Class Hirudinea:
- ex. leeches
- mostly freshwater
- either carnivorous or parasitic
Protosomia
Class Polychaeta:
- primarily marine
- parapodia with bristles; can be used
for locomotion and gas exchange
- largest class
Protosomia