Nationalism and

Globalization
What is Hindu nationalism and Indian Nationalism?

What is Pashtoon/Punjabi Nationalism and Pakistani

Nationalism?

What is ‘White’ Racism and American Nationalism?

“Let us make America Great again”, Trump

Definition of Nation

A large body of people united by common history,

culture, language, and inhabiting a particular state or
territory.
 Nationalism

Nationalism argues that the individual’s loyalty to the

nation-state surpass other individual or group loyalty.

Devotion to the national interest, unity &

independence.

Nationalism promotes one’s own ideology against

others.
 Nationalism in the eyes of scholars
Arnold Toynbee, A negative force, and it will
disappear and replaced by internationalism.
Karl Marx, Nationalism a temporary phase and it
would vanish.
A. Einstein, Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the
measles of mankind.'
Allama Iqbal, Muslims would gain freedom under
western nation state – then they will move towards a
supranational community “Ummah”.
 Waves of Nationalism
Wave – 1: Began after French revolution stretched up
to WWI.

Wave – 2: From the end of WWII ended up in 1970s

and led to the decolonization of most of the
developing countries.

Wave -3: Rise of ethno-national movements during

1970s till today. Mao, Mahajir, Kurd, Tamil etc.
 Variants of Nationalism

Liberal Nationalism,

Expansionist Nationalism,

Anti-colonial Nationalism.
 Liberal Nationalism
A classic form of European liberalism.

Like individuals, nations have rights, in particular, the

right of self-determination.

And self-determination should be universally

applicable.
 Expansionist Nationalism

It is aggressive and militaristic in nature.

A form of nationalism associated Mussolini & Hitler.

It arises form a sentiment of intense, even hysterical

nationalist enthusiasm.
 Anti-colonial nationalism
A third world nationalism – directed against
colonizers.
National liberation movements in Africa and Asia
after WWII.
Indo-Pak 1947, China 1949, Indonesia 1949, Vietnam
1954, and Algeria 1962.

Since 1970s, it is being expressed through religious

fundamentalism. (Africa + Middle East + South Asia).
 Nationalism as Ideology

As an ideology it is expressed through ethnicity.

Ethnic Nationalism is characterized by common

ancestry.

It implies as stronger and perhaps more intense sense

of distinctiveness.
 Nationalism as Identity.

Nationalism helps to claim recognition and

superiority.

People expresses the identification with their state.

It is based on shared national identity that has roots

in culture, language.
Nationalism in Europe
Carleton Hayes lists three causes;
1- Lack of Religion – Nationalism replaced religion.
2 - Socio-economic Changes;
I. Democracy
II. Urbanization, emergence of middle class with the
interest to control the direction of the govts.
3 – Encouragement by politicians.
I. Military, Pol Parties, revolutionary individuals.
 Nationalism: Critical Analysis

Nationalism is often said to be a reactionary than a

progressive ideology.

Why Reactionary?

This is sometimes the result of societal change, with a

desire to return to previous times. (Germany, Italy,
Russia under Putin, Turkey under Erdogan)
 Roots of Nationalism
Nationalism is as old as human kind … Spartans
Athenians, Persians, Arabism.

After1648, French attacks gave rise to this ideology in

Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain.

18th century Nationalism:

US & French revolutions brought liberal nationalism.

 Cont …
19th century Nationalism:
During this era … Bismarck (1815-1898), of Germany
became the flag bearer of German Nationalism.

He dominated European politics during (1860-1890).

20th century Nationalism:

After WWI many nations were not happy with the
borders … so they aspired to reshape the territories
by using Nationalism. (Germany, Italy)
 Salient Features of Nationalism
Self image,

Right of self Determination

Militarism

Patriotism

Racism
 Merits of Nationalism

Promotes the emotions of independence.

Promotes healthy competition.

Gave charismatic leaders to the world - Syed Ahmed

Khan, M Ali Johar, Atta Turk, Ghandi, Nehru, Hitler, Tito,
and Mussolini.
 Cont …
 Serves as very important psychological function.

Acts as an expression of identity.

It acts as a force standing against occupation.

 Demerits of Nationalism

Threat to others, it promotes national interest at the

expense of others.
Promotes racism, ethnocentrism, and hatred – that
may lead to wars.
Threat to the multi-ethnic societies – leads to
separation.
Promotes imperialism (expansionist nationalism)
Infuses sense of superiority …. German race, and
white race etc.
 Cont …
Gives rise to the separatism … Sri Lanka, Bengalis,
Tamils in India.

Nationalism, even when it avoids military

confrontation, may serve as an obstacle to
cooperation on international issues - be this trade,
migration, the environment.
 Methods of promoting Nationalism
Schools and Books,
National anthems,
Wars,
History glorification,
Propaganda,
We can do it - self belief,
‘Avenge pearl harbour’ type publications.
“Atoot-Ang”, “Shah Ragh phrases”.
 Nationalism and IR
Provides legitimacy – in the name of national
interest.

Nationalism made Self-determination popular.

Stimulant for re-drawing of the borders. (Germany)

Nationalism has been a source of conflict, and war.

 Globalization

"A global era requires global engagement.“

Kofi Annan, 1999
 Definitions of globalization
Globalization—simply the widening, deepening,
and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness.

Globalization is the increasing interdependence,

integration and interaction among people and
corporations in various location around the world.

Although geography and distance still matter, but

globalization is time-space compression.
 Globalization by scholars …
‘The intensification of worldwide relations by linking
distant localities in such a way that local happenings
are shaped by events occurring many miles away
and vice versa.’ Giddens

‘The integration of the world-economy.’ Gilpin

 ‘De- territoriatization — or supra-territorial relations

between people.’ Scholte

‘time-space compression.’ Harvey

 Sceptical View of Globalization

The bulk of int. economic and political activity is

concentrated within the group (OECD).

Security competition, conflicts, and wars are still

blazing.

Globalization is at best a self-serving myth which

reinforces Western and particularly US hegemony in
world politics????
 Engines of Globalization
Technological change.
Economics markets and capitalism.
Politics Financial interests, and Int. Financial institutions.

1- Technology logic. without modern communication

and infrastructure, a global system or worldwide
economy would not be possible.
 Cont …

2- Economic logic. Capitalism’s insatiable requirement

for new markets and profits lead inevitably to the
globalization of economic activity.

3- Politics logic. ideas, interests, and policies are the

third logic of globalization – facilitated by Int.
Institutions like WTO, IMF, WB, ADB, MNCs, etc.
 Three Waves of Globalization
First, the age of discovery 1450-1850 European
expansion and conquest.

Second, 1850-1945 major expansion in the spread of

European empires/colonization.

Third, 1960 onward.

From industrial revolution to the microchip/satellite

are icons of a globalized world order.
 Redundant concepts of globalization

Internationalization

This term refers to growing interdependence

between countries.

From this perspective, a more global world is one

where more messages, ideas, merchandise,
investments, and people go cross borders.
 Liberalization
In this case, globalization denotes - removing barriers
on movements of resources for creating an ‘open’
and ‘borderless’ world economy.

This notion describes - globalization occurs as

authorities reduce or abolish trade barriers, foreign-
exchange restrictions, capital controls, and visa
requirements.
 Universalization
Globalization is described as a process of spreading
various products and experiences to people at all
inhabited parts of the earth. e, g. Technology
transfer, Democracy promotion.

On these lines, ‘global’ means ‘worldwide’ and

‘everywhere’.
Universalization of everything, ideas, ideologies, and
products.
 Westernization
Universalization of social structures of modernity
capitalism, industrialism, rationalism, urbanism,
individualism, etc. are spread across the world.

Globalization understood in this way is equal to

colonization, Americanisation and ‘Westoxification’.

These critics view globalization is a hegemonic tool,

an ideology of supposed progress that ensures
subordination by the West of the rest.
 Globalization at different levels

Various types of global connectivity across a variety

of human activities.

Economic
Social
Political
Cultural
 Cont …
Economic Globalization
Increasing economic interconnectivity.
International division of labor….?
Rising volume of capital flows.

Capital remains concentrated among the wealthiest

nations
Economic interdependence is related to more
peaceful relations.
 Politics and Globalization

States are less able to control social and economic

events within their territory.

Global/regional decision-making bodies (UN, EU,

ASEAN, BRICs, etc.) are rising in importance.

Non-state actors have gained power.

 Technology and globalization
Increases access to information, but…
Access is unevenly distributed (WikiLeaks, spying)
Has made it easier to seek out like-minded voices
and avoid opposing views. (human rights activists +
fb + twitter).
Facilitated transportation and communication.
Makes surveillance and control easier.
 Cultural Globalization
Increases exposure to foreign ideas & practices.
Cultural exports are disproportionately from
western countries to the rest of the world
particularly the U.S. (American Dream)
Some ethnic and religious groups feel culturally
threatened by globalization
Has resulted in a sharp increase in reactionary
“nationalist” and “fanatical” groups…… revolt
against modernity, says West.
 Key Players of Globalization

Multinational Corporations carrying out businesses

across the globe.

WTO, through which Int. trade agreements are

negotiated and enforced

World Bank and IMF that gives financial assistance

emergency and long term developmental.
 Effects of Globalization
A force of good - has potential for generating wealth
and improving living standards.
The benefits of trade, investment, and technological
innovation are distributed.
Increased standards of living, Access to new markets
Decreased employment.
According to int. trade union movement “things are
getting worse for the majority of the population”.
Increased the gap between the rich and poor.
 Globalization’s Impact on the Government
Positive
Increase economic development by expanding
infrastructure.
Transfer of modern management techniques
Greater interdependence among business partners
Negative
MNC’s power increases.
Competition results in too many concessions.
Privatization, pressure to reduce social benefits
(subsidies).
Undermines state authority.
 Impacts on the labour
Positive
Increased job opportunities.
Upgraded quality of education.
Increased training.
Negative
Job displacement Loss of industries
Lowered labour standards
Lowered wages because of competition
Decreased union power diminished social contract
 Sides of the Globalization
Bright Side
Countries do what they can do best.
Globalization gives you larger market.
Consumers also profit from globalization, cheaper
products, new products in no time.
Dark Side
Causes unemployment in industrialised countries.
Environmental problems, deforestation, pollutions,
global warming, climate change.
Manifestations of globalization

Communications
• Post
• Telecommunications / Mass media

Culture
Involves a complex mix of homogeneity.
 Cont …
Travel
Migration has become a major global issue.
Pilgrims
Tourism, Business travellers
Schengen Visa, or visa free entry
Production
Trans-world production chains.
Global sourcing of inputs.
 Cont …
Markets
Global products/Global marketing and sales
strategies
Money
Global currencies / Bank cards with access to
global ATM networks.
Global credit cards, Digital cash in electronic
valets
Finance
Foreign exchange markets.
Banking (deposits, payments and loans).
Securities markets / Insurance business.
 Cont …
Organizations
Global commercial enterprises.
Global governance agencies.
Global civil society associations.

Military
Intercontinental weapons
Global campaigns
 Cont …
Ecology
Global atmosphere - climate change, ozone
depletion, radioactive fallout, acid rain.

Health
Global communicable diseases.
Global aspects of diet, drug use etc.
Global campaigns of health improvement.
 Cont …
Law
• Global rules and regulations – Int. Law
• Trans-world networks of lawyers and police
• ICJ
Consciousness
• Conceptions of the planet as a single place
• Global symbols
• Global events
• Trans-world solidarities
Globalization in everyday life

Internet
Facebook
Twitter
Email
Skype
Smart phones
 Globalization is here to stay

Globalization is a reality and here to stay, So…

We need to learn how to reap its benefits, and
minimize its costs. To do that, we must;
Understand its impacts,
Work to remedy the problems,
Work to spread the benefits as widely as possible.
 Questions to consider/contemplate
Nationalism in Europe has been a major source of
conflicts, how true this statement is? Justify with
arguments.
What are the impacts of globalization on our world?
Critically analyse how globalization has undermined
different cultures by universalizing the western
concept of modernity across the globe?
Globalization promotes or reduces economic
inequality?
Does globalization mean that the state has become
irrelevant?