This is to certify that Meenakshi Joshi of class 10

“B” has successfully `completed a project work on

the topic “Scientists and their brilliant
inventions” in MS Powerpoint under guidance of
sir M.D Rawat during a session 2019-2020 in
partial fulfillment of subject Information
Technology(402) practical examination conducted
by CBSE .

Signature of examiner Signature

of principal
Campus School ,
Pantnagar
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to sir M.D Rawat as well as
principal who gave golden opportunity to
this wonderful project on the topic
“Scientists and their Brilliant Inventions”
which also helped me in doing a lot of search
and I came to know about so many new
things therefore I am really thankful to
them.

Secondly I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me to get in
finalizing with in the limited time frame .
 Archimedes is the best known
mathematician and scientist from
ancient times. In addition to brilliant
discoveries in mathematics and
physics, he was also an inventor.
 The Archimedes’ Screw
 Still in use today, one of Archimedes’
greatest inventions is the
Archimedean Screw.
 The Archimedes’ Screw
 Archimedes probably invented this
device when he visited Egypt, where
it’s still used for irrigation. The screw
is also helpful for lifting finely
divided solids such as ash, grain, and
sand from a lower level to a higher
level.
 Benjamin Franklin
discovered one of the
fundamental laws of
physics – the Law of
Conservation
 of Electric Charge – and
proved that lightning is
electricity. He also:
 invented bifocal
spectacles
 invented the Franklin
stove
 invented the lightning
rod
 Alessandro Volta was the
first person to isolate
methane gas. He
discovered that methane
mixed with air could be
exploded using an
electric spark: this is the
basis of the internal
combustion engine. He
also found that electric
potential in a capacitor is
directly proportional to
electric charge.
 Oh, and he invented the
electric battery!
 Lived 1822 – 1895

 Louis Pasteur discovered that some

molecules have mirror images – these
can be described as left-handed and
right-handed versions of a chemical
compound.
 He banished forever the concept of
spontaneous generation in biology – the
idea that bacterial life could just appear
from nowhere in fruit or that maggots
could appear spontaneously in meat.
 Pasteur invented the process of
pasteurization and patented it in 1862.
 During pasteurization, farm and
brewery products such as milk, wine
and beer are heated briefly to a
temperature between 60 and 100 °C,
killing microorganisms that can cause
them to go bad
 Lived 1824 – 1907
 Lord Kelvin, whose original name was
William Thomson, codified the first
two laws of thermodynamics and
deduced that the absolute zero of
temperature is −273.15 °C. He was
honored for this with the naming of
the Kelvin temperature scale. On the
Kelvin scale, absolute zero is found
at 0 kelvin.
 In addition to his work as a physics
professor, he was also an inventor,
devising equipment which he
patented that allowed transatlantic
telegraph signalling to take place via
an undersea cable.
 Lived 1832 – 1919
 William Crookes was a
physical chemist who
discovered and named the
element thallium.
 In 1875 he invented the
Crookes tube, an evacuated
electrical discharge tube,
which he used to generate
so-called cathode rays. We
now know that cathode rays
are streams of electrons.
Crookes used magnetic
fields to prove that cathode
rays consisted of negatively
charged particles.
 Lived 1845 – 1923
 Wilhelm Röntgen was a physics
professor. He received the very first
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his
discovery of X-rays.
 Within two weeks of first generating
X-rays he had invented X-ray
photography. The first ever X-ray
photograph was of the bones in his
wife’s hand.
 When his university, the University of
Würzburg, realized how dramatically
X-rays would transform the
diagnosis of bone injuries and
diseases, it awarded Röntgen an
honorary degree in medicine.
 Santiago Ramón y Cajal is
the father of neuroscience.
He won the Nobel Prize for
Physiology/Medicine in
1906 for his neuron
doctrine.
 In a time when people had
to pose for several minutes
to have a photograph
taken, Ramón y Cajal
invented a new process that
needed a pose of only three
seconds.
 Unfortunately, he learned
later that Thomas Edison
had got there first!
 Lived 1859 – 1906
 Pierre Curie shared the 1903 Nobel
Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie
Curie, and Henri Becquerel for their
discoveries in radioactivity.
 Over a decade earlier, in 1880, Pierre
Curie and his brother Jacques had
discovered piezoelectricity.
 Pierre and Jacques then invented the
piezoelectric quartz electrometer
which detects and measures electric
charge.
 Interestingly, Pierre and Marie’s
Nobel Prize winning work depended
on measurements made using the
piezoelectric quartz electrometer
Pierre and Jacques had invented
many years earlier
 Lived 1887 – 1915
 Henry Moseley’s
scientific career was
cut short at a tragically
young age.
 Before he died, he had
discovered the true
basis of the periodic
table and, in 1912,
invented the atomic
battery. Atomic
batteries are now used
where long battery life
is essential, such as