Basic type of listening

Intensive
Responsive
Selective
Extensive
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Micro and macro skills of listening
Discriminate among the distinctive sounds of English
• Retain chucks of language of different lengths in short-
term memory
• Recognize English stress patterns, words in stressed and
unstressed positions, rhythmic structure, intonation
contours, and their role in signaling information
• Recognize reduce forms of words
• Distinguish word boundaries, recognize a core of words,
and interpret word order patterns and their significance
• Process speech at different rates of delivery
• Process speech containing pauses, errors, corrections,
and other performance variables
• Recognize grammatical word classes, systems, patterns,
rules, and elliptical forms.
• Detect sentence constituents and distinguish between
major and minor constituents
• Recognize that a particular meaning may be expressed
in different grammatical forms
• Recognize cohesive devices in spoken discourse.
• Recognize the communication function of
utterances, according to situations,
participants, goals.
• Infer situation, participants, goals using
real-world knowledge
• From events, ideas, and so on, described,
predict outcomes, infer links and
connection between event, deduce
causes and effect, and detect such
relations as main idea, supporting idea,
new information, given information,
generalization, and exemplification
• Distinguish between literal and implied
meanings
• Use facial, kinesics, body language, and
other nonverbal clues to decipher
meanings
• Develop and use a battery of listening
strategies, such as detecting key words,
guessing the meaning of words from
context, appealing for help, and signaling
comprehension or lack thereof
 Consider the following list of what makes
listening difficult (adapted from Richards, 1983;
Ur,1984; Dunkel, 1991)
• Clustering
• Redundancy
• Reduced forms
• Performance variables
• Colloquial language
• Rate of delivery
• Stress, rhythm, and intonation
• interaction