Endocrine system;

prolactin
By
H.Khorrami Ph.D.
http://khorrami1962.spaces.live.com
khorrami4@yahoo.com
 Prolactin

By lactotrop cells (20% in both sexes)

A single chain polypeptide hormone
199 AA
3 disulphide bridges
Half life:20-30min
Single gene on chromosome 6
More than 300 effects
Mostly by modulation
 Prolactin

Biologically active
Immunoreactive
 Some patients with hi prolactin has no galactorhea
 Prolactin

Little 22000mw
Big 50000mw lower activity
Big-big 100000mw lower activity
Glycosylated 25000mw
 Prolactin actions

Stimulate learning
Stimulate immune responses
Stimulate opioidergic system
Reduce body temperature
Inhibits libido
Stimulate corticosteroid secretions
Testosterone productions
 Maintain LH receptors
Stimulate dopamine turnover in nucleus accumbens
Reduce dopamine turnover in sub. nigra
Prolactin stimulate transcription of mRNA of

Casein
Lactalbumin
Beta-lactoglobulin
Galactosyl transferase
N-acetyl lactosamine synthetase
 Prolactin inhibitors

Dopamine from arcuate nucleus & VMN

 On D2 receptor
 Decrease cAMP
 Blocked by estrogen
 Blocked by phenothiazine or metoclopramide

GnRH-associated peptide
Histamine(H2)
Diphenhydramine((H1blocker)
GABA
SST
Ach
Bromocryptine
 PIF

Dopamine
GnRH-associated peptide
 Prolactin stimulators

TRH Angiotensin II
Oxytocin Bombesin
VIP Secretin
ACTH Gastrin
Beta-LPH Galanin
Estrogen Calcitonin
GnRH Melatonin
GHRH Platelet-activating F
Histamine(H1) Epidermal GF
Cimethidine(H2antagonist) α-MSH
 Prolactin increases with

Puberty (female) Feeding

Pregnancy Exercise
 Near the term 10fold Stress
Puerperium  Hypoglycemia
Nursing  Surgical stress
In fetus higher than Orgasm(10fold)
mother near the term Nocturnal sleep
Neonate 2-3 week after
birth
Plasma prolactin concentration during & after dopamine
infusion in normal male/female subjects
Effect of L-dopa on PRL secretion
Serum PRL & cortisol in normal fasting volunteers
before & after regular mixed meal or sham*

*Seeing and chewing

Acute elevation of PRL after sleep
Prolactin levels in pregnant women
 Lactation

1. Mammogenesis
 Estrogen, Progesterone
2. Lactogenesis
 Estrogen, Progesterone, prolactin, Placental lactogen,
Growth hormone, Insulin, Cortisol, T3, T4
3. Galactopoiesis
 Prolactin, oxytocin

Estrogen increase the number of lactotropes

Relaxin and prolactin on myometrial activity
 Hyperprolactinemia effects

Stimulate dopamine turnover in some brain areas

 Nucleus accumbens
Decrease dopamine turnover in some brain areas
 Substantia nigra
Stimulate learning
Stimulate immune response
Stimulate oxytocin
Stimulate opioidergic system
Decrease gonadotropins
Decrease testosterone in male(indirect)
Decrease libido in both sex (impotence)
Reduce bone mineral density (osteoporosis)
 Hyperprolactinemia

Is more frequent in girls with:

 Father absent
 Alchoholic father
As a psychosomatic reaction
Pseudopregnancy
 This is MARS
But we have one EARTH yet!