Prepared by:

Starr Rose E. Basangan

BSN III-C
 a military conflict centered on
Europe that began in the summer
of 1914. The fighting ended in
late 1918.
 also known as the First World
War, the Great War, the World
War (prior to the outbreak of
World War II), and the War to
End All Wars.
 Nationalism
 Imperialism
 Militarism
 Rival Alliances
 is the desire of a people to be a
free nation.
 “Jingoism or Chauvanism” is
defined as extreme patriotism in
the form of aggressive foreign
policy and an extreme type of
nationalism.
 German jingoists considered
themselves as a “superior race”
 France wanted to recover
Alsace-Lorraine which it had
lost to Germany in 1871.
 Serbia wanted to annex the
Austrian provinces of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, both of
which were inhabited by Slavs
like the Serbs.
 The Austro-Hungarian and
Russian Empires contained
many nations (Poles, Finns,
Magyars, Croats, etc.)
 is the policy of extending
national power by acquiring
colonies and economic
advantages.
 Germany’s acquisition of
German East Africa
(Tanganyika) in 1880 angered
Britain for it prevented the
construction of Cape-to-Cairo
railroad.
 Britain was worried by the German’s
building of the Berlin-Baghdad
Railway.
 Austria’s expansion in the Balkans
aroused the hostility of Serbia and
Russia.
 In the partition of Africa (1870-
1900), both Germany and Italy were
dissatisfied.
 Britain and France got most of the
best colonies.
 a powerful army and a
great navy are required
to support nationalism
and imperialism.
 compulsary military training of
all-bodied men
 maintaining huge standing armies
 building strong navies and
 increasing the military budgets

 England had long been the

“Mistress of the Seas.”
 Competitions between
nations led to the
formation of two rival
alliances- Triple
Alliance (1882) and
Triple Entente (1907).
 Germany  Britain
 Austria  France
 Italy  Russia
 First Moroccan Crisis of
1905
 First Balkan Crisis of 1908
 Second Moroccan Crisis of
1911
 Second Balkan Crisis of
1913
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
 The Hapsburg prince, together with his wife was
assassinated on June 18, 1914, at Saravejo, Bosnia
by a Serbian Patriot, Gavrillo Princip, a member
of the Black Hand (Serbian Secret Society.)

Gavrillo Princip
 Austria spurned Serbia’s offer for the
peaceful settlement of its dispute, and
promptly declared war on July 18,
1914.
 Russia rushing to Serbia’s aid,
mobilized its forces, Germany,
Austria’s ally, declared war on July 31.
 August 3, Germany declared war on
France.
 Britain declared war on August 4.
 France  Austria-Hungary
 Russia  Germany
 Britain  Turkey
 Serbia  Bulgaria
  They were geographically
 They controlled the seas
more compact
 They had more fighting
 Their armies were better
men trained for warfare
 They had more natural  They had more capable
resources Generals
 They were fighting for  They believed that they
freedom were fighting for their very
existence against the Allies
 Machine guns
 Hand Grenades
 Dynamite
 Heavy Artillery
 Armored tanks manned with
cannons and machine guns
 Submarines
 Flying machines
 Poison gas
 The main arena was the
Western Front which
extended from the North
Sea Coast of Belgium
across northern France to
the Swiss border.
 Eastern Front (East Prussia-
Austrian Galicia)
 Balkan Front (Balkans)
 Italian Front (Italian Alps-
Adriatic Sea)
 Dardanelles Front (Turkey)
 Middle East Front (Egypt,
Palestine,Arabia and
Mesopotamia)
 Germans invaded Belgium
disregarding Belgians neutrality.
 The Valiant Belgians, inspired
by King Albert I resisted and
delayed the German advance at
Liege.
 The German advance was
checked by General Joffre in the
First Battle of the Marne
(September 1-10, 1914)
King Albert I General Joffre
 Second Battle of Ypres (April
22-May 25, 1915.
 Battle Of Somme (July 1-
November 18, 1916)
 Battle of Verdum (February
21-Decemver 18, 1916)
 In August 1914, Russian armies
under the command of Grand Duke
Nicholas, uncle of Czar Nicholas II
invaded East Prussia.
 General Von Hidenburg, with
reinforcements rushed to East
Prussia. He routed the Russians in
the Battle of Tanenburg (August
26-30, 1914).
 In the spring of 1915, the Germans
launched their offensive at the
Eastern front.
 The humiliating collapse of the
Russian armies caused the
downfall of the Romanov dynasty
in March, 1917 the rise of
communism in Russia. On March
3, 1918, Lenin took over power in
Russia, and abandoned the Allies.
Grand Duke Nicholas General Von Hidenburg
• In October 1915, Bulgaria joined
the central powers, to avenge its
defeat by Serbia in the second
Balkan War (1913).
• In 1916, Montenegro and Romania
which hand joined allies, were
conquered by the combined forces
of Austria, Germany, and Bulgaria.
• To obtain the Italian-speaking
regions of Austria, Italy joined the
allies in May 1915. After winning
victories in 1915-16 against the
Austrians, the Italian forces
suffered a major defeat in the battle
of Caparetto (1917).
• The Italians redeemed their honor
by crashing the Austrians in the
battle of Vittorio Veneto (October
30, 1918).
• A British French fleet launched an
attack on the dardanelles in
February-March 1915.
• An army Britishers, Australian, and
New Zealanders(including maoris)
under the command of Sir Ian
Hamilton landed at Gallipoli
Peninsula bordering the
Dardanelles.
• This debackle of dardanelles was
the greatest allied disaster in 1915.
• In October 1914, Britain
freed Egypt from nominal
vassalage to the ottoman
empire and transformed it
into a British protectorate.
• Allenby captured
Jerusalem in 1917 and
Damascus, Beirut and
Aleppo in 1918.
• Baghdad was also captured
in 1917.
• The main German fleet sought
safety at Kiel canal.
• On the evening of November 1,
1914 a German squadron under
admiral Von Spee defeated a
British fleet under admiral
Craddoc in a naval battle off the
coast Chile.
• German fast cruisers, called
“raiders,” and submarines called
“U-boats,’ inflicted much
damage to allied shipping.
• Of the hundreds of ships (allied and neutral)
sunk by German submarines, the Lusitania,
a British liner, was sunk by German
torpedoes near the Irish coast on May 7,
1915.
• April 6, 1917 the united states declared on
Germany.
• The greatest naval fight on the first world
war was the battle of Jutland May 31, 1916
in the north sea
• Vice Admiral David Beatty attacked the
German navy commanded by vice admiral
von spee.
• By 1917, both combatants-allies and
central powers-were exhausted.
• To make the world “safe for
democracy” the united states congress,
upon president Woodrow Wilson's
recommendation, declared war against
German on April 6, 1917.
• The American expeditionary force
under General John Pershing, a
veteran of the Moro wars in the
Philippines, was sent to France.
• President Wilson, in a speech to congress on January 8, 1918,
presented his “famous fourteen points” were as follows :

• Open treaties among nations

• Freedom of the seas
• Removal of economic barriers
• Reduction of armaments
• Adjustment of colonies in favor of the natives
• Withdrawal of a foreign armies of Russia
• Establishment of free Poland
• Restoration of Belgium
• Return of Alsace-Lorraine to France
• Liberation of turkey’s subject nationalities
• Liberation to the subject nationalities of the Austro-
Hungarian empire
• Withdrawal of foreign troops from Montenegro, Romania and
Serbia
• Annexation of Austria's Italian speaking regions to Italy
• Establishment of an association of nations to keep world
peace
• The first attack was
launched by the zeppelins,
huge German dirigibles,
on London in April 1915
• The greatest air battles of
the war occurred on March
23 & 24 1918.
• Several airmen won fame
as “aces’
• At that time General Ludendorff, one of Germany
able militarists, was launching the final German
offensive along the western front.
• On May 30, 1918 they reached the Marne river and
occupied the sector from chateau-thierry to
dormans.
• Private Tomas Claudio, the first Filipino to die in
the first world war. He was mortally wounded while
assaulting the German line and died on June 29,
1918
• In the Second Battle of the Marne (July 15-
18, 1918), the German offensive collapsed.
The Marshal Ferdinand Foch, commander-
in-chief of the allied armies, launched the
allied counter-offensive which smashed the
Hindenburg line.
• On November 9, Kaiser Wilhelm II, seeing
that everything was lost, fled to Holland.
• Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) with
Germany; Treaty of St. Gernain (September 10,
1919) with Austria; Treaty of Neuilly (November
27, 1919) with Bulgaria; treaty of Trianon (June
4, 1920) with Hungary; and Treaty of Sevres
(August 20, 1929) with turkey, Mustafa Kemal ,
who had overthrown the Ottoman sultan, rejected
the Sevres treaty and repulsed the allied forces
which tried to occupy turkey.
• It was drafted by the Versailles conference
composed of delegates from 32 allied nations.
• Woodrow Wilson, president of the united
states: David Lloyd George, prime minister of
great Britain ; Georges Clemenceau, premier
of the France; and Vittorio Orlando, Premier
of Italy- Dominated the Versailles Conference.
• They were know as the “big four”
• The war caused terrible losses in human lives and properties. The
total casualties reached – 37,494,186 (of whom 8,538,315 were
killed, 21,219,452 wounded, and 7,750,919 missing or taken
prisoners). The total cost of the war reached $186,000,000,000.
• It brought misery and sorrow to millions of survivors, including
war orphans and windows.
• It disrupted world economy because ravages on agriculture,
industries,transportaion,and finances of many nations.
• It brought about the downfall of four world empires- German
Empires, Austro- Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire, and
Ottoman Empire(turkey)
• It gave birth to many new republics in europe-
Weimar Republic (German) Austria, Hungary,
turkey, Czeckhoslovakia, Poland, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
• It failed to bring lasting peace in the world. The
cruel terms of the Versailles treaty embittered
Germany.

Thus ,The war sowed the seeds of another global conflict.