AE 51

Lecture 1
BASIC CONCEPTS
Engr. Ysmael Alongan B. Mangorsi
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
• “Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy.” (Cengel
and Boles, 2014)
• “Thermodynamics is a science in which the storage, the
transformation, and the transfer of energy are studied” (Potter and
Sommerton, 1995)
• “The field of thermodynamics is concerned with the science of energy
focusing on energy storage and energy conversion processes.
(Borgnakke and Sonntag, 2013)
THERMODYNAMICS
Therme (Greek
word for heat)
Dynamis (Greek
word for power)
Basic Concepts
• Energy
• Thermodynamics
• Dimensions
• Primary/Fundamental
• Secondary/Derived
• Units of Dimensions
• English
• SI
• Force
• Units used are N, kgf, lbf
• Work
• A form of energy
• Equal to force x distance
• Units used: Joule, Btu, calorie
• Power
• Time rate of energy
• Units used are watts, horsepower
• System
• Region/space/matter to be
studied
• Surroundings
• Boundary
• Types of system
• Open
• Closed
• Isolated
Closed system (control mass) – mass cannot
cross the boundary but energy can

Closed system with a moving boundary

Open System (control volume) – mass and
energy can flow to and out of the system
Property – characterisitic of a system
• Intensive • Extensive
• does not change with mass • Changes with mass
• Examples are • Examples are
• Pressure • Volume (V)
• Density • Mass (M)
• Temperature • Enthalpy (H)
• Specific properties like specific heat, • Internal energy (U)
specific volume (v) , specific internal
energy (u), specific enthalpy (h) and
etc.
State – set of properties describing condition
of a system
Thermodynamic equilibrium
• To reach thermodynamic
equilibrium, system must be in
• Thermal equilibrium
• Mechanical equilibrium
• Chemical equilibrium
• Electrical equilibrium
• State postulate - The state of a simple compressible
system is completely specified by two independent,
intensive properties.
• Two properties are independent if one property can be
varied while the other one is held constant
• PROCESS
• Any change from one state to another
• Path is the series of states through
which a system passes
during a process
• Quasiequilibrium process - a process
proceeds in such a manner that the
system remains infinitesimally close
to an equilibrium state at all times
• CYCLE
• A process with identical end states
Types of Processes
• Isothermal Process
• Temperature is constant, T =c
• Isobaric process
• Pressure is constant, P = c
• Isometric/isochoric process
• Volume is conctant, V = c
Steady flow process Transient flow
• process during which a fluid • Changes with time
flows through a control volume
steadily; no change in time
• Uniform process – no change in
location
• Turbines, nozzles, and etc.
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics • Temperature scales
• if two bodies are in thermal • Celsius
equilibrium with a third body, they • Fahrenheit
are also in thermal equilibrium • Kelvin
• lowest temperature on the Kelvin scale
with each other is absolute zero, or 0 K
• Thermal equilibrium • T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15
• Rankine
• T(R) = T(oF) + 459.67

• triple point of water (the state

at which all three phases of water
coexist in equilibrium) is 273.16 K
Under hydrostatic conditions, the pressure is the same at all points on a
horizontal plane in a given fluid regardless
of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by the same fluid
• Manometer
• Used to measure pressure
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2 𝑃1 + 𝜌1 𝑔 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ + 𝜌1 𝑔𝑎 = 𝑃2