7.

2 COMPARE DIFFERENT
FORMS OF SOCIETIES AND
INDIVIDUALS
(Agrarian, Industrial, and Virtual)
Outline
A. Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
B. Modern Period (1500-1800)
C. Globalization and Technological Innovation
Outline
A. Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
B. Modern Period (1500-1800)
C. Globalization and Technological Innovation
Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
• End of Western Roman Empire
• Sacked and pillaged of German Barbarians.
• Rude form of government through representative law
courts where kings and chiefs were elected by the tribal
councils.
• Eventually, barbarians had become Christians.
• Schools in monasteries where founded for both the poor
and nobility.
Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
• Way of life in Middles Ages is called feudalism.
• Peasants, about ninth-tenths of them, are farmers or
village labourers.
• All peasants worked to support their lord.
• Many peasant built their villages of huts near the castles
of their lords for protection in exchange of their services.
Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
• Peasants pay taxes to their lords and tithes to the Church.
• But famines and warfare ravaged mostly in countryside
that destroyed crops and livestock.
Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
• However, commerce and towns were growing. It steadily
shaped a new life in Europe
• There was a renewed interest in intellectual and artistic
endeavour.
• An interest in beauty and culture was reborn. Arts and
literature were also thriving on that era.
Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
• Roman Catholic Church was a single most influential
institution that stood for the common good amid the
turmoil of the Middle Ages.
• Pedagogically, there was a unity of scientific language.
• The intercommunication between intellectual centers were
in Latin
Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
• Philosophical works were written in Latin.
• Liberal arts formed the basis of intellectual culture
(grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, arithmetic, geometry,
astronomy, and music)
• There was a practically unlimited trust in reason’s powers
of illumination based on faith. Faith and reason pave the
way for clearer understanding and stronger argument.
Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
• There was no dichotomy between faith and reason as
there was no separation of other intellectual endeavour to
the question of God’s existence since to exist belongs to
the very essence of God.
Outline
A. Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
B. Modern Period (1500-1800)
C. Globalization and Technological Innovation
Modern Period (1500-1800)
• Modern philosophy is an attack on and a rejection of the
Middle Ages.
• An attack on the church that ruled those ages and
dictated its ideas.
• The discovery of the “New World” also altered not only the
geography but the politics of the world forever.
• Martin Luther initiated the Reformation questioning mostly
the beliefs of the Medieval Catholic Church.
Modern Period (1500-1800)
• Human Beings is the most interesting in Nature During the
Modern Period.
Modern Period (1500-1800)
• It was the beginning of the Renaissance period,
humanistic revival of ancient philosophy.
• Experimentation, observation and application of
mathematics in the natural sciences set standards for
philosophic inquiry.
• Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Newton influenced the
thinking of philosophers.
Modern Period (1500-1800)
• Descartes, Hobbes, Bacon and others inspired the
advances of science in 15th and 18th centuries.
• Religious war from 16th to 17th century required the need
for a new kind of social philosophy.
• it had to address the religious quarrelling, intolerance, and
disorder.
Modern Period (1500-1800)
• Rationalism was the predominant feature of this period.
• Modern period were also divided according to movements
and traditions
• Naturalism
• Empiricism
• Critical Idealism
Modern Period (1500-1800)
Naturalism
• Two things clear for them.
• Nature is full of facts which conform fatally to exact and irreversible
reality.
• Human beings live best under a strong, benevolently dictatorial
government.

• Philosophers of this time had left of contemplating the

heaven of medieval piety and were dispose to deify
nature.
Modern Period (1500-1800)
• Reason and in the study of facts of experience were
methods of escaping from doubt.

• Supernatural has only a secondary interest.

Modern Period (1500-1800)
Empiricism
• John Locke, David Hume, and Berkeley were the main
exponent of this point of view
• Turned back curiously back to the study of the wondrous
inner world of humanity’s soul.
• Human being is the most interesting in nature and he is
not yet deified.
Modern Period (1500-1800)
• His knowledge itself, what it is, how it comes about, from
where he gets it, how it grows, what it signifies, how it can
be defended against scepticism, what it implies, both as to
moral truth and as to theoretical truth.

• Attention is turned more and more from the outer world to

the mind of human being.
Modern Period (1500-1800)
• Reflection is now more an inner study, an analysis of the
minds.
Modern Period (1500-1800)
Critical Idealism
• Immanuel Kant brought his philosophic thoughts with
more general problem of knowledge.
• He thought that humanity’s nature is the real creator of
humanity’s world.
• It is not the external world, as such, that is the deepest
truth for us at all.
Modern Period (1500-1800)
Critical Idealism
• It is the inner structure of the human spirit that merely
expresses itself in the visible nature about us.
• It is a Copernican revolution that sets a questioning
attitude towards the activities of nature, and a spirit of
rebellion against things accepted solely on the basis of
authority and tradition.
Outline
A. Medieval Period (500-1500 CE)
B. Modern Period (1500-1800)
C. Globalization and Technological Innovation
Globalization and Technological Innovation
• Globalization is a multilateral interactions among global
systems, local practices, transnational trends, and
personal lifestyles.

• Globalization, in the sense of adoption and acceptance of

some standards in the various aspects of life had its
beginnings in the West in 15th century as an
accompaniment to the new ideas of the Renaissance.
Globalization and Technological Innovation

• It was continued in the Industrial revolution in which

machines changed people’s way of life as well as their
methods of manufacture.
• Populations move to the location of factories.
• Skills, assiduity, perseverance, diligence, and industrious
were terms came from industry.
Globalization and Technological Innovation

• Invention of machines, use of steam engines, and factory

system emerge.
• As technology advances, automatic machines were
invented to handle jobs with little supervision.
• Everywhere computer is assuming central place in
scientific research.
• Internet, Google, Facebook are now new superhighway of
information.
Globalization and Technological Innovation

• Globalization is facilitated by technology.

• Technology improves lives but also destroyed them in
some ways.
• It improves society and intellectual growth. But it also
becomes a mean for exploitation and oppression.
• Certainly technology leads to globalization but along with
it are disadvantages for many people.