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Sigma Institute of Engineering

Electrical Engineering Department

POWER ELECTRONICS-II (2160902)

AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

Prepared by:-
Mr. Jay Ray
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
SIE, Bakrol
Vadodara.

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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

1. Concept of on-off or integral cycle control and phase control

2. Various single phase full wave ac-ac controllers with R,L and RL load

3. Analysis for phase control and integral cycle control

4. 3-phase full wave converter configurations with Y& Δ connected loads &
their analysis with R load

5. AC voltage controller with PWM control

6. Basic principle of matrix converter

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CONCEPT OF ON-OFF OR INTEGRAL CYCLE
CONTROL & PHASE CONTROL
• AC voltage controllers (ac line voltage controllers) are employed
to vary the RMSvalue of the alternating voltage applied to a load
circuit by introducing Thyristors between the load and a
constant voltage ac source.
• The RMS value of alternating voltage applied to a load circuit is
controlled by controlling the triggering angle of the Thyristors in
the ac voltage controller circuits.
• In brief, an ac voltage controller is a type of thyristor power
converter which is used to convert a fixed voltage, fixed
frequency ac input supply to obtain a variable voltage ac output.
The RMS value of the ac output voltage and the ac power flow
to the load is controlled by varying (adjusting) the trigger angle
‘α’

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• There are two different types of thyristor control used in
practice to control the ac power flow
• On-Off control
• Phase control
• These are the two ac output voltage control techniques.
• In On-Off control technique Thyristors are used as switches to
connect the load circuit to the ac supply (source) for a few
cycles of the input ac supply and then to disconnect it for few
input cycles.
• The Thyristors thus act as a high speed contactor (or high
speed ac switch).
PHASE CONTROL

• In phase control the Thyristors are used as switches to


connect the load circuit to the input ac supply, for a part of
every input cycle. That is the ac supply voltage is chopped
using Thyristors during a part of each input cycle.
• The thyristor switch is turned on for a part of every half cycle,
so that input supply voltage appears across the load and then
turned off during the remaining part of input half cycle to
disconnect the ac supply from the load.
• By controlling the phase angle or the trigger angle ‘α’ (delay
angle), the output RMS voltage across the load can be
controlled.
• The trigger delay angle ‘α’ is defined as the phase angle (the
value of ωt) at which the thyristor turns on and the load
current begins to flow
VARIOUS SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE AC-AC CONTROLLERS
WITH R&RL LOAD
• The basic principle of on-off control technique is explained
with reference to a single phase full wave ac voltage
controller circuit shown below.
• The thyristor switches 1 T and 2 T are turned on by applying
appropriate gate trigger pulses to connect the input ac
supply to the load for ‘n’ number of input cycles during the
time interval ON t .
• The thyristor switches 1 T and 2 T are turned off by blocking
the gate trigger pulses for ‘m’ number of input cycles during
the time interval OFF t .
• The ac controller ON time ON t usually consists of an integral
number of input cycles.
R = RL = Load Resistance

Fig.: Single phase full wave AC voltage controller circuit


Fig.: Waveforms
Example
• Referring to the waveforms of ON-OFF control technique in the
above diagram, n = Two input cycles. Thyristors are turned ON
during ON t for two input cycles.
• m =One input cycle. Thyristors are turned OFF during OFF t for one
input cycle

Fig.: Power Factor


• Thyristors are turned ON precisely at the zero voltage
crossings of the input supply.
• The thyristor 1 T is turned on at the beginning of each positive
half cycle by applying the gate trigger pulses to 1 T as shown,
during the ON time ON t . The load current flows in the
positive direction, which is the downward direction as shown
in the circuit diagram when 1 T conducts.
• The thyristor 2 T is turned on at the beginning of each
negative half cycle, by applying gating signal to the gate of 2 T
, during ON t . The load current flows in the reverse direction,
which is the upward direction when 2 T conducts.
• Thus we obtain a bi-directional load current flow (alternating
load current flow) in a ac voltage controller circuit, by
triggering the thyristors alternately.
ANALYSIS FOE SINGLE PHASE CONTROL INTEGRAL CYCLE
CONTROL
• Integral cycle control (ICC) is used for controlling power to an
ac load by permitting few full cycles to power the load
followed by off period.
• The duty cycle is controlled for changing the output power
basically it is an on - off control similar to the obtained
through thermostatic switches except that here an integral
number of cycle are passed. In literature, ICC is also described
as On - Off control, Burst firing, Zero Voltage Switching
(ZVS), Cycle Selection and Cycle Syncopation.
• Fig shows the output voltage waveform of Integral cycle
controller.
• When the power is ON, during N cycle the speed or
temperature increases exponentially from a minimum value
and reaches a maximum at the end of the Nth cycle.
Fig. Output of Integral Cycle Controller

• If M is increased their differential increases and vice


versa. Low value of M limit the variation in the value of
N, as the smallest power available is The CR is
independent of N but depends on M.
Fig. 5 Block Diagram of the ICC

• Block Diagram of ICC circuit involves the basic three sections.


• First section comprises of a power supply stage to drive all
internal amplifier and feed the gate energy to the power
semiconductor devices.
• In second section a zero voltage detecting stage,
which sense the instant of zero supply voltage.
• This stage releases the power amplifier for a
short duration pulse this cross over point so that
they may trigger the power semiconductor if
required or separate some other more
continuous drive circuit.
• Finally in third section an amplifier stage is
required which magnifies the control signal to
provide the drive needed to turn on the power
switch on.
• As shown in the block diagram, the control block
consists of control circuit for the ICC, Firing Circuit
and Power Amplifier (FCPA) and power supply for
controlling the load.
• FCPA consist of the gate driver for thyristor and triac
is used as power devices in the proposed design.
3-phase full wave converter configurations with Y& Δ
connected loads & their analysis with R load

• Each pair of thyristor is connected in series


with each phase load three phase controllers
provides more power to the load.
1. Star connected
2. Delta connected
STAR CONNECTION.
• Three phase full converter is a fully controlled bridge
controlled rectifier using six thyristors connected in
the form of a full wave bridge configuration.
• The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6fs and the
filtering requirement is less than that of three phase
semi and half wave converters.
AC VOLATGE CONTROL WITH PWM
CONTROL
• Recently, PWM AC voltage controller has been
developed and used extensively in AC-AC converter
circuit. In conventional technique, phase control
technique is adopted to produce output voltage
waveform which has the same frequency as input
voltage.
• Fig shows the circuit configuration of PWM AC to
AC voltage converter, which is composed of two
bidirectional power switches, S1 & S2 regulate the
power delivered to the load and the parallel S1' &S2 '
provide a freewheeling path to discharge the stored
energy.
• When a switching function shown in Figure is applied
to AC/AC voltage controller, the output voltage
appears in PWM.
• The gating signals of S1' & S2 ' switches can be
controlled by DC reference based or control
strategy and these signals are used to control S1 & S2
switching duration AC to AC Voltage Controller
Using PWM Technique.
BASIC PRINCIPAL OF MATRIX
CONVERTER
• The matrix converter uses the matrix of switches so that
any of the input phase volatge can be connected to any of
the output load pahse. There is exactly one switch for
each of the possible connection between supply and load.
• A matrix converter is defined as a converter with a single
stage of conversion. It utilizes bidirectional controlled
switch to achieve automatic conversion of power from
AC to AC.
• Matrix converters are characterized by sinusoidal
waveforms that show the input and output switching
frequencies
• It contains four bi-directional switches with each
switch having the ability to conduct in both forward
blocking and reverse voltage.
• Matrix converters are characterized by sinusoidal
waveforms that show the input and output switching
frequencies.
• The bidirectional switches make it possible to have a
controllable power factor input. In addition, the lack
of DC links ensures it has a compact design.
• The downside to matrix converters is that they lack
bilateral switches that are fully controlled and able to
operate at high frequencies. Its voltage ratio that is
output to input voltage is limited.

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