"Shifting International Politics and Future

Global War on Terror"

European Union Policy on Counterterrorism, Cyber & Hybrid Threats

João Miguel de Almeida Madaleno

ESDC Training Manager

Jakarta, 8th July 2019, IIDSS

Outline / Contents

• CT Situation in Europe
• EU Action on CT
• Hybrid Threats &
Cybersecurity
• EU and Asia
• EU-Indonesia Cooperation
SITUATION IN
EUROPE

From 2014 to 2017, 205

attacks have been foiled,
failed or completed.

68 victims died as a result

of terrorist attacks and
844 people were injured

1219 individuals were

arrested in 18 member
states

Source: Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TESAT) 2018, EUROPOL

Trends

Increase in the frequency of 3 patterns: indiscriminate

1 jihadist attacks; decrease in the 2 killings, attacks on symbols of
sophistication of their Western life, attacks on symbols
preparation and execution. of Western authority.

Preferred target are people

Home-grown terrorists
3 radicalised in their country of
residence.
4 because of the emotional
response from the general
public.

Number of individuals travelling

5 May operate in groups or as 6 to Iraq or Syria to become
lone actors. foreign terrorist fighters has
dropped significantly.

Source: Terrorism Situation and Trend

Report (TESAT) 2018, EUROPOL
Trends

Online propaganda and social Those with rudimentary and

7 media networking is essential 8 fragmented knowledge of Islam
for recruitment, radicalization, are more vulnerable to
and fundraising. manipulation.

Ethno-nationalist and separatist

Defeat of IS may not affect the
9 threat of jihadist terrorism. Al
Qaeda is still a powerful player.
10 terrorist attacks far outnumber
violent extremist attacks
inspired by other ideologies.

The violent right-wing extremist

11 spectrum is expanding partly 12 No evidence of CBRN weaponry
due to fear of Islamisation and used by terrorists in the EU.
migration.

Source: Terrorism Situation and Trend

Report (TESAT) 2018, EUROPOL
EU Counterterrorism
STRATEGIC COMMITMENT
To combat terrorism globally while respecting human rights, and make Europe safer,
allowing its citizens to live in an area of freedom, security and justice

PREVENT PROTECT PURSUE RESPOND

To prevent people turning
to terrorism by tackling the
factors or root causes which
can lead to radicalization an
recruitment, in Europe and
internationally
To pursue and investigate
terrorist across our borders
To protect citizens and
and globally; to impede
infrastructure and reduce
planning, travel, and
our vulnerability to attack,
communications; to disrupt
including improved security
networks; to cut off funding
of borders, transport and
and access to attack
critical infrastructure
materials, and bring
terrorists to justice
To prepare ourselves, in the
spirit of solidarity, to
manage and minimise the
consequences of a terrorist
attack, by improving
capabilities to deal with, the
aftermath; the co-
ordination of the response;
and the needs of victims

• EU CT Strategy recognises the importance of cooperation with third

countries and international institutions
• EU support for the adoption of the UN Plan of Action to Prevent Violent
Extremism (2016)
• European Council Conclusions (18 Oct 2018) to strengthen the capacity to
prevent and respond effectively to radicalisation and terrorism.
EU Counterterrorism
• P/CVE efforts are a primary responsibility of EU member states.
• Coordination and sharing best practices through:
- Radicalization Awareness Network (RAN)
- European Strategic Communications Network (ESCN)

High Level Commission Expert Group on Radicalisation (HLCEG-R) key

actions for 2019

Better Prevention
Prevention of
understanding work in relation
M&E tools radicalisation in Early detection
extremist to refugees and
prisons
ideologies asylum seekers
Engagement with international partners
• The EU counter-terrorism strategy needs to operate on a global scale.
• EU's security is closely linked with the situation in other countries, particularly in
neighbouring states.
• In June 2014, the European Council called for an effective counter-terrorism policy
integrating the internal and external aspects. In February 2015, EU leaders stressed
the need for the EU to engage more with third countries on security issues and
counter-terrorism.
• The counter-terrorism agenda is present in the relations between the EU and third
countries in many forms, including:
• high-level political dialogues
• the adoption of cooperation clauses and agreements, or specific assistance
• capacity-building projects with strategic countries
• The EU cooperates on counter-terrorism with countries in: the Western Balkans,
Africa (the Sahel, North Africa, the Horn of Africa), the Middle East, North America,
Asia
• Cooperation with the US is a fundamental component of the EU's strategy.
Engagement with international partners
• European External Action Service (EEAS) in counterterrorism: lead and
coordinate the EU's international effort

• Counterterrorism Political Dialogues with Ethiopia, Israel, Tunisia, the

UN, and the US.

• Future counterterrorism mission to Sri Lanka and the Maldives.

• Regional meeting on capacity building in East Africa (with Kenya,

Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Sudan, Uganda, Yemen and Tanzania in
Nairobi) under the framework of the Global Counterterrorism Forum.

• International conference on Counterterrorism in Central Asia (UN, OSCE,

Tajikistan and EU co-sponsored)
•

• EU appointed counterterrorism experts in EU Del Indonesia (ASEAN),

and most of Africa and Middle East countries.
Engagement with international partners

337 M €
EU funding for external projects
aimed at countering terrorism in 2018
This figure excludes significant initiatives in the field of Counterterrorism (G5 Sahel
Joint Force, African Union Mission in Somalia, and Multinational Joint Task Force against
Boko Haram).
EU encourages countries to

Strengthen their cooperation against foreign terrorist

fighters by improving border security and information
sharing, judicial measures, prosecution, rehabilitation
and reintegration.

Take effective measures to tackle terrorist financing

by freezing assets and implementing sanctions on IS
and al-Qaeda.

Strengthen their efforts to prevent radicalisation by

focusing on root causes and engaging with youth,
religious leaders and civil society.
 EU Priorities
• Policy setting at the international level (UN, GCTF, Global Anti-ISIL Coalition).
• Policy setting with strategic and like-minded partners (Australia, Canada, China,
Russia, US).
• Capacity building in MENA and the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Montenegro, North Macedonia,
Tunisia).
• Enhanced cooperation with Algeria, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Morocco, Pakistan,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia.
• Capacity building in Africa, in particular Ethiopia, GCTF East Africa, and Kenya.
• Regional cooperation and capacity building in Central, South, and South East
Asia and Africa, including through regional organizations (ASEAN, AU, OSCE).
• Tackling terrorist hotspots, including Afghanistan, Libya, Mali, Somalia, Syria,
Yemen.
Hybrid Threats
The EU and its Member States continue to
face serious and acute threats
Conventional &
unconventional

Awareness
Cyberattacks Resilience
Response
Chemical,
Biological,
Radiological & All these actions have one thing in
common - they seek to destabilise and
Nuclear Threats endanger our society and undermine
our core European values.
Hybrid Threats

• Joint Framework on Countering Hybrid Threats (2016)

• 22 actions
• Improve information fusion and situational awareness
• Protect critical infrastructure
• Cybersecurity
• Build resilient societies
• Increase cooperation
• Joint Communication, Increasing Resilience and Bolstering
Capabilities to Address Hybrid Threats (2018)
Hybrid Threats: achievements

• Regulation on the screening of foreign direct investments into

the EU
• Chemical and cyber sanctions regimes as response measures
• Cooperation:
• within and beyond EU entities
• with partner countries: hybrid risk surveys
• with NATO (via EU Hybrid Centre of Excellence, Helsinki)
• With third countries (multilateral formats, G7)
Hybrid Threats: EU focus

1. Strengthening strategic communications

to tackle disinformation
2. Chemical, Biological, Radiological and
Nuclear related risk
3. Protection of critical infrastructure

In March 2019, a Rapid Alert System on Disinformation

Cybersecurity Threats
Cybersecurity Action
• Cybersecurity Act (March 2019)
• EU agency for Cybersecurity
• Permanent mandate to assist member states in
preventing and responding to cyber-attacks
• Annual pan-European cybersecurity exercises
• Better sharing of threat intelligence and knowledge
CYBERSECURITY
ACT

EU Boosting the cybersecurity of online services and

CERTIFICATION
FRAMEWORK consumer devices.

To deter and respond to cyber-attacks which

EU SANCTIONS constitute a threat to the EU and its Member States, a
new sanctions regime was established.

The EU will strengthen its response to cyber-attacks by

INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION implementing the Framework for a Joint EU
Diplomatic Response to Malicious Cyber Activities.
EU and Asia
• Europe and Asia share
• a fundamental interest in upholding the rules-based international
system, and
• the view that the challenges the world faces today go beyond
national borders and cannot be tackled alone

• EU and Asian countries working together on

• cybersecurity,
• counterterrorism,
• non-proliferation,
• in support of peace processes across the region
EU and Asia
Increased engagement on security matters

1. Partners in Asia increasingly look to the EU to be present

and engaged in the region
2. The EU has taken ambitious steps to strengthen its
capacities in the field of defence

• EU will expand its cooperation with Asian partners into areas

such as capacity building, training programs, and joint
exercises.
EU and Indonesia
• Facing similar questions and challenges with respect to
terrorism

• EU interest in successful Indonesian CT/CVE measures with

law enforcement and ''soft approaches''

• Annual EU-Indonesian Security Dialogue (since May 2016)

• EU financing ''Preventing Violent Extremism through

Promoting Tolerance and Respect for Diversity (PROTECT)''
implemented by UNDP
THANK YOU!