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Rocks and the Rock Cycle

Three Types of Rocks

• Rocks are
classified by how
they form
– Igneous
– Sedimentary
– Metamorphic

– Rocks can change Schist


from one type to
another over time
Rock Classification

• Rocks are
classified by:
– How they form
– Texture
– Grain size
– Mineral
composition

Conglomerate Sedimentary Rock


Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rock:
forms when molten
rock (magma) cools
and hardens
• Classified by:
– Where they form
– Crystal (grain) size

Basalt
Intrusive Igneous Rock
• Intrusive igneous:
cooling takes place
slowly beneath
Earth’s surface

granite
Extrusive Igneous Rock
• Extrusive igneous:
cooling takes place
rapidly on Earth’s
surface

Pumice
Sedimentary Rock
• Sedimentary rock:
forms from the
compaction and/or
cementation of
sediments
• This process is
Limestone
called lithification

• Sediments are:
– Rock pieces
– Mineral grains
– Shell fragments
How do sediments form?
• Sediments form weathering
through the
processes of
weathering and
erosion of rocks
exposed at Earth’s
surface

erosion
Sedimentary Rock con’t….
• Sedimentary rock
can also form from
the chemical
depositing of
materials that were
once dissolved in
water

• When water gypsum


evaporates, minerals
are left behind and
form rock
Metamorphic Rock
• Metamorphic rock:
forms when any
rock type is
changed into a
different kind of
rock
• Changes due to
great heat and/or
pressure Gneiss
How does rock change?
• Rocks are heated,
squeezed, folded,
or chemically
changed by contact
with hot fluids

marble
The Rock Cycle
The Earth Recycles Rock
• The rock cycle is an
ongoing series of
processes inside Earth
and on the surface

• Slowly changes rocks


from one kind to
another

• Any type of rock can


change into another
type
How does this relate to plate
tectonics?
• Plate movement
drives the rock cycle
– Subduction (1 plate
pushed under another
plate)
• Re-melts rock into
magma
– Mountain building
• Folding, faulting, uplift
• Exposes rock at the
surface to be
weathered and eroded
a. Cementation and compaction (lithification)
b. Heat and pressure
c. Weathering, transportation(erosion), and deposition
d. Cooling and solidification
e. Melting
Rocks/Rock Cycle Foldable
• Your foldable should include
the following:
1.Name of each rock type
2.How each rock type formed
3.A brief description of rock
type
4.At least 2 examples of each
rock type
5.Illustrate 1 example for
each rock type
Copy Me
Do Now – Tuesday March 11
In Textbook:
• Complete
• pg. 107 #1-8
Do Now – Thursday March 4
Rock Texture Composition Comments
 
Limestone is composed of the mineral
 
Conglomer Coarse, Rounded  Rounded pebbles,  A.               quartz
ate 2mm pebbles sand and clay can  B.              calcite
easily be seen C.              halite
  D.              gypsum
 
Sandstone Medium, Quartz, other  Sand grains can be 
.0625 – 2 mm minerals and  seen; rough surfaces
Based on the information given about each of these 
rock fragments   rocks, into which rock type would all these examples 
be classified?
 
Shale Microscopic, Clays, micas Has muddy  A.               Igneous
.004 - .06 mm appearance B.              Metamorphic
  C.              Sedimentary
  D.              Mineral
 
Limestone Coarse to fine Calcite, shells May contain fossils, 
seashells; fizzes 
when in hydrochloric 
acid

Chert Fine Quartz Is light-colored; also 


called flint; once used 
for arrowheads

Rock salt Coarse to fine Halite Has salty taste; 


table salt
 
 
Moh's Approximate Hardness of

Talc
Hardness Scale
  1    
Common Objects
Which statement is best
Gypsum
supported by the data
  2   Fingernail (2.5)
shown?
Calcite   3   Copper penny (3.5)

Fluorite   4   Iron nail (4.5) A. An iron nail contains


Apatite   5   Glass (5.5) fluorite.
B. A streak plate is
Feldspar   6   Steel file (6.5)

Quartz   7   Streak plate (7.0)
composed quartz.
Topaz
Topaz   8    

Corundum   9     C.  Topaz is harder than a


steel file.
Gypsum
Diamond   10    

D. Apatite is softer than a


copper penny.
   Based on the 
processes shown in 
the diagram, which 
type of rock is formed 
at #1?
 
  A.  Sedimentary
 B.   Igneous
 C.   Metamorphic
D.    Clastic
 
  
 
Because heat and 
pressure are needed 
to form #3, it must be 
what type of rock?
 
A.     Sedimentary
B.     Igneous
C.     Metamorphic
D.     Clastic

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