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This document discusses several theories related to the spatial dimensions and origins of cities. It covers typologies of urban areas by origin, including primary and secondary cities. It also summarizes four factors in the emergence of towns and cities: agricultural surplus, religious causes, defensive needs, and trading requirements. The document then discusses challenges in delineating city boundaries, aspects of internal city structure, paradoxes of cities, and models of urban land use including the central place theory, concentric zone model, Hoyt model, and multi-nuclei model.
This document discusses several theories related to the spatial dimensions and origins of cities. It covers typologies of urban areas by origin, including primary and secondary cities. It also summarizes four factors in the emergence of towns and cities: agricultural surplus, religious causes, defensive needs, and trading requirements. The document then discusses challenges in delineating city boundaries, aspects of internal city structure, paradoxes of cities, and models of urban land use including the central place theory, concentric zone model, Hoyt model, and multi-nuclei model.
This document discusses several theories related to the spatial dimensions and origins of cities. It covers typologies of urban areas by origin, including primary and secondary cities. It also summarizes four factors in the emergence of towns and cities: agricultural surplus, religious causes, defensive needs, and trading requirements. The document then discusses challenges in delineating city boundaries, aspects of internal city structure, paradoxes of cities, and models of urban land use including the central place theory, concentric zone model, Hoyt model, and multi-nuclei model.
• Mesopotamia • S. E Asia (Imperial/ Colonial • Indus • Europe Extension) • Nile • America Roman Towns • Andes Towns in Third World Theories of Urban Origins • In book An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography, Harold Carter (1983) summarizes four primary factors related to the emergence of towns and cities: Agricultural Surplus Religious Causes Defensive Needs Trading Requirements Delineating city boundary spatially • no exact definition of its boundaries • In the past, walls may have defined a city. • How do you define a city today? • Do you include all the outlying areas and suburbs (called the "metropolitan region") or do you only include the city centre? Questions like this can cause inaccuracies and disagreements. Two basic aspect of city • Support of settlements • Internal structure Cities are the focal point? • In occupation and utilization have complex systems determined on land configuration for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation) • These are developed in definite pattern in response to economic and social needs. Cities are paradoxes too? • Providing Less environmental security because of having larger area – health issues, security, “community” – “back to nature” movement – increase in telecommuting – cheaper land and house prices How do cities start? as transportation “stop” areas. ◦ Example: Lahore is at the junction of the northern and southern Pakistan (N-5) as a central place for providing markets and services for the surrounding area ◦ Example: Lahore,Pk as a special function city built around a specific industry ◦ Example: Faisalabad, Pk Some cities grow so large they incorporate all of the above and become multipurpose cities. ◦ Example: Karachi Pk Model of urban dimension Central place theory • Term coined by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1931: "cities do not grow up of themselves; countrysides set them up to do tasks that must be performed in central places.“
• Two German scholars, Walter Christaller
(1893–1969) and August Lösch (1906–1945). Origin of CPT • urban system of Southern Germany during the 1930s • how urban settlements evolve and are spaced out in relation to each other • Relationship between the size, the number and the geographic distribution of cities Assumption of CPT • Isotropic land • all settlements are equidistant • evenly distributed resources • Distance decay mechanism: The quality of shops decreasing as distance from the centre also increases The height of buildings decreasing as distance from the centre increases The price of land decreasing as distance from the centre increases • All consumers have a similar purchasing power and demand for goods and services Basic Concepts in central place theory • Centrality city should be center of productive area and a nodal point that serves the area around with goods and services (Mayhew, 1997). • Range is the how far you will go to obtain a good or service. Low Range and High Range. • Threshold is the number of people that live in a region in order for a business to have enough customers to show a profit How do we divide land in cities?
There are 6 major land uses in cities.
1. Residential – single unit, row housing, apartments
6. Institutional – schools, churches, courts, police and fire stations,
government City as a system: Models of landuse • Concentric zone model- Ernest Burgess in 1923 • Hyot model- 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt • Multi nuclei-. D. Harris and E. L. Ullman Concentric zone model Concentric Zone model • Based on Chicago • Direct attempt of von thunen model • Other names: ring model, bull’s eye burgees model etc Hyot model Hyot Model • Axial development • People tend to live in relation to time and distance and patterns of landuse are conditioned by network pattern • example: Calgary Canada 1961 Multi Nuclei Multi Nuclei • Developed by C.D haris and E.L ullman in 1945 • Have more nuclei rather single simple point • Los angles 1960 • causes: Certain activities require specialized facilities Some needs to stay apart airport abd Mutual advantages of activities