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Understanding
Introduction to engineering drawings
Engineering Drawing
is a document that communicates a precise description of a part. This description consists of pictures,
words, numbers & Symbols.
should fully define the part.
each specification should be measurable.
is a communication tool.
are legal document. Therefore they should be treated as formal, precise documents.
How cost of a drawing error can increase as the drawing moves through the
organization.
Tolerance
is the total amount that feature of the part are permitted to vary from the specified dimensions.
is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits.
is not associated with dimensions that are identified as reference, maximum or minimum.
Tolerances are of most importance on functional surfaces in an assembly, where two components mate and
must interact in a predefined way which is crucial to the operation of the system.
Non functional dimensions may be defined with global tolerance applied which provides a suitable range of
dimensional values.
Types of Tolerance
Limit Tolerance
When a dimension has its high and low limits stated. In a limit tolerance, the high value is placed on top and
the low value is placed on the bottom.
Plus-Minus Tolerance
When the nominal or target value of the dimension is given first, followed by a plus-minus expression of a
tolerance.
Bilateral Tolerance is one which allows the dimensions to vary in both the plus and minus direction.
• Equal Bilateral tolerance is where the allowable variation from the nominal value is the same in both
the directions.
• Unequal bilateral tolerance is where the allowable variation is from the target value and the variation
is not the same in both directions.
Unilateral Tolerance is where the allowable variation from the target value is all in one direction and zero in
the other direction.
Metric Dimensions specifications:
The Millimeter is the common unit of measurement used on engineering drawings made to the metric
system.
“UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERES” is a typical general
note shown on drawings to invoke the metric system.
Dimensioning Standards :
ASME Y 14.5M-1994 is a dimensioning and tolerancing standard. The standard is considered the national standard
for dimensioning and tolerancing in the Unites States.
ASME stands for American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Y14.5 is the standard number.
M is to indicate the standard is metric.
1994 is the year the standard was officially approved.
The first three rules establish dimensioning convention. Rule four states the manufacturing methods should not be
specified. Rules five and six establish conventions for implied 90 angles. Rules seven, eight and nine establish
default conditions for dimensions and tolerance zones. Rule ten establish convention for which drawing level
dimensions and tolerances apply.
Benefits of Geometric tolerancing
Coordinate Tolerancing System
is a dimensioning system where a part feature is located (or defined) by means of rectangular
dimensions with given tolerances.
Size features can only be specified at RFS.
Datums are usually not specified.
Shortcomings of Coordinate Tolerancing
Square or rectangular tolerance zones.
Fixed size tolerance zones.
Ambiguous instructions for inspection.
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing is precise mathematical language that can be used to describe the size,
form, orientation and location of part features.
Benefits of GD&T:
Improves communication
Provides better product design
Increases production tolerance
When Should GD&T be Used?
Drawing delineation and interpretation need to be the same
Features are critical to function or interchangeability
It is important to stop scrapping perfectly good parts
It is important to reduce drawing changes
Automated equipment is used
Functional gaging is required
It is important to increase productivity
Companies want across the board savings
Comparison between Coordinate Dimensions and Geometric
tolerancing
Greatest Myth of GD&T
is the misconception that geometric tolerancing raises the product costs.
Feature of Size
is one cylindrical or spherical surface or set of two opposed elements or opposed parallel surfaces,
associated with a size dimension. An axis, median plane or centerpoint can be derived from a FOS.