A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences

of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer

programming. Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized
sets of operations, called programs. These programs enable computers
to perform an extremely wide range of tasks.

Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety

of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose
devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such
as industrial robots and computer-aided design, and also general purpose
devices like personal computers and mobile devices such
as smartphones.
Computer Parts
•Processors. The processor directly affects overall computer
performance, more than other components such as the sound card
or power supply. ...
•Motherboards. The motherboard is the component that unifies the
internal hardware. ...
•Random Access Memory (RAM) ...
•Computer Cases. ...
•Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or

computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in
contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually
performs the work. In computer science and software engineering,
computer software is all information processed by computer
systems, programs and data. Computer software includes computer
programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online
documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require
each other and neither can be realistically used on its own.
INTEL 4004 AND INTEL 4040
INTEL 4004 WAS THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SINGLE-CHIP
MICROPROCESSOR IN HISTORY. IT WAS A 4-BIT CPU DESIGNED FOR USAGE IN
CALCULATORS, OR, AS WE SAY NOW, DESIGNED FOR "EMBEDDED
APPLICATIONS".

CLOCKED AT 740 KHZ, THE 4004 EXECUTED UP TO 92,000 SINGLE WORD

INSTRUCTIONS PER SECOND, COULD ACCESS 4 KB OF PROGRAM MEMORY
AND 640 BYTES OF RAM. THE INTEL 4004 WAS A PART OF MCS-4 CHIPSET.
THE MCS-4 CAN BE MINIMALLY FUNCTIONING WITH JUST THE 4001 ROM AND THE
4004 CPU, HOWEVER ITS DESIGNED TO BE FULLY FUNCTIONING WITH RAM AND
SHIFT REGISTER, ADDITIONALLY TWO MORE CHIPS, THE 4008 AND 4009 TO
EXPAND THE SYSTEM TO WORK WITH ANY OF INTEL'S EXISTING MEMORY CHIP
SELECTIONS.
ALTHOUGH THE INTEL 4004 WAS A PERFECT FIT FOR CALCULATORS AND SIMILAR
APPLICATIONS IT WAS NOT VERY SUITABLE FOR MICROCOMPUTER USE DUE TO
ITS SOMEWHAT LIMITED ARCHITECTURE. THE 4004 LACKED INTERRUPT SUPPORT,
HAD ONLY 3-LEVEL DEEP STACK, AND USED COMPLICATED METHOD OF
ACCESSING THE RAM. SOME OF THESE SHORTCOMINGS WERE FIXED IN THE 4004
SUCCESSOR - INTEL 4040.

AS THE FIRST SINGLE-CHIP MICROPROCESSOR, THE INTEL 4004 IS VERY POPULAR

WITH CPU COLLECTORS AND NON-COLLECTORS. EARLIER INTEL C4004 CPUS IN
WHITE CERAMIC PACKAGE ARE SOUGHT-AFTER BY BEGINNER AND
INTERMEDIATE COLLECTORS, AND ARE USUALLY SOLD FOR HUNDREDS OF
DOLLARS.

THE ONLY KNOWN SECOND SOURCE MANUFACTURER OF 4004

MICROPROCESSORS WAS NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR.
INTEL 4040 (I4040) IS AN ENHANCED VERSION OF INTEL 4004
MICROPROCESSOR. THE 4040 RUNS AT THE SAME FREQUENCY AS THE 4004
CPU AND HAS THE SAME EFFECTIVE SPEED OF INSTRUCTION EXECUTION -
92,000 INSTRUCTIONS PER SECOND FOR SINGLE-WORD INSTRUCTIONS.

THE 4040 CPU INCLUDES A NUMBER OF IMPROVEMENTS:

MAXIMUM PROGRAM MEMORY SIZE WAS INCREASED FROM 4 KB TO 8 KB.
STACK SIZE OF THE 4040 CPU WAS INCREASED TO 7 LEVELS.
EXTRA BANK OF EIGHT 4-BIT REGISTERS WAS ADDED TO THE CPU.
THE CPU IS CAPABLE OF HANDLING INTERRUPTS.
I4040 INSTRUCTION SET INCLUDES 14 NEW INSTRUCTIONS - HALT, LOGICAL,
INTERRUPT HANDLING AND BANK SELECTION INSTRUCTIONS.

THE INTEL 4040 CPU IS A PART OF MCS-40 CHIPSET, WHICH, IN ADDITION TO

THE 4040 PROCESSOR ITSELF, INCLUDES 4001 ROM AND I/O DEVICE, 4002
RAM AND I/O DEVICE, 4003 SHIFT REGISTER, 4008/4009 STANDARD MEMORY
AND I/O INTERFACE SET, 4101 STATIC RAM, 4201 CLOCK GENERATOR, 4289
STANDARD MEMORY INTERFACE, 4308 ROM AND I/O DEVICE, 4316 ROM, AND
4702 ERASABLE PROM.
INTEL 4040 WAS USED IN INTELLEC 4/40 MICROCOMPUTER DEVELOPMENT
SYSTEM AND IN EMBEDDED APPLICATIONS
ACCORDING TO INTEL'S 4040 DATASHEET SOME MICROPROCESSORS COULD
OPERATE IN INDUSTRIAL TEMPERATURE RANGE, BUT IT'S NOT CLEAR HOW
THESE PARTS WERE MARKED. THERE ARE NO KNOWN SECOND-SOURCE
MANUFACTURERS OF INTEL 4040 MICROPROCESSOR.

THE MCS-40 (MICRO-COMPUTER SET-40) WAS A FAMILY OF 4-BIT

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPSETS DEVELOPED BY INTEL AND INTRODUCED IN 1974.
THE MCS-40 WAS AN ENHANCEMENT TO THE MCS-4. THE ENTIRE CHIPSET WAS
MADE OF FOUR INDIVIDUAL CHIPS.