Earth Science

the branch of science dealing with the

physical constitution of the earth and its
atmosphere.

various branches of earth science:

1. geology,
2. oceanography,
3. meteorology.
Geology (from the
Ancient Greek γῆ, gē
("earth") and -λoγία, -
logia, ("study of",
"discourse")) is an earth
science concerned with
the solid Earth, the rocks
of which it is composed,
and the processes by
which they change over
Oceanography is
the study of the
composition and
movements of
seawater, as well
as coastal
processes, seafloor
topography, and
marine life.
Meteorology is the
scientific study of the
atmosphere that focuses
on weather processes
and forecasting.
Meteorological
phenomena are
observable weather
events which illuminate
and are explained by the
science of meteorology.
Astronomy is the
scientific study of
celestial objects (such
as stars, planets,
comets, and galaxies)
and phenomena that
originate outside the
Earth's atmosphere
(such as the cosmic
background radiation).
ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
Cosmology
is a branch of astronomy that involves
the origin and evolution of the universe,
from the Big Bang to today and on into the
future. According to NASA, the definition of
cosmology is "the scientific study of the
large scale properties of the universe as a
whole."
 National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
the federal agency that is responsible
for aerospace research, aeronautics, and
the civilian space program.
BIG BANG THEORY
the universe began 10-15 billion years ago, when the
primordial explosion called the Big Bang occured.
the first 3 minutes after, great quantities of hydrogen
and helium were created, spanning apart at great
speeds.
3 million years later huge cloud condensation,
200 million years after, formation of first galaxies; the
birthplace of the stars and of elements heavier than
hydrogen and helium.
GALAXY
• a system of
millions or billions
of stars, together
with gas and dust,
held together by
gravitational
attraction.
• Milky Way
Galaxy
BIG BANG THEORY
the universe today is the remnant of the Big Bang
marked the birth of the universe, all matter and space
were created instantaneously.
all of the energy and matter of the universe were
compressed into a hot and dense state.
about 13.7 billion years our universe began as a
cataclysmic explosion, which continued to expand, cool,
and evolve to its current state
In 1930, the American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble
showed that the universe is expanding.
CREATIONIST THEORY
God, the Supreme Being created the
whole universe out of nothing .
The proof can be read in the Holy
Bible stipuating that God created the
heavens and gthe earth including
man.
OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY
proposed by a Russian-born US cosmologist
George Gamow who helped explain the Big Bg
theory.
He said that the expansion of the universe will
eventually come to a halt then it collapses up to
the time that the universe will return to its origial
form and another Big Bang will occur. This process
will occur in a cycle.
STEADY-STATE THEORY
this theory states that the universe has
always been the same since the
beginning and wil remain in its present
state until eternity.
OUR EXPANDING UNIVERSE
>The evidence that the universe is
expanding comes with something called the
red shift of light.
>Light travels to Earth from other galaxies.
As the light from that galaxy gets closer to
Earth, the distance between Earth and the
galaxy increases, which causes the
wavelength of that light to get longer.
 red shift of light
When an object moves away from us, the
light is shifted to the red end of the
spectrum, as its wavelengths get longer.
If an object moves closer, the light moves
to the blue end of the spectrum, as its
wavelengths get shorter.
 The fundamental difference between the Big
Bang and ordinary explosion:
 Big Bang there was no space for the explosion
to go into - space itself is exploding.
 The universe does not “exist” in space or in time;
rather both space and time exist within the
universe.
 Without the universe there would be no space
and time.
ORIGIN OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM
In 1796 Marquis de Laplace, a French astronomer,
proposed the nebular hyphothesis:
a. That the solar system envolved from a slowly rotating
gaseous cloud.
b. As it cooled by radiation and contracted, it rotated faster,
causing the gas to take a disk-like form.
c. At a certain speed the gravitational attraction could no
longer hold the outer material to the central mass, and it
broke into a ring. This material condensed and formed a
planet.
d. The process continued, forming planets at various
distances from the sun. The moons around the planets were
formed by the same process.
Gravitational energy is
converted to heat energy causing
internal temperature to dramatically
rise.