ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION - Control measures

• Planting more trees

• Using less polluting fuels
• Using mass transport
• Modifications in automobile
• Catalytic converter
• Engine modification
• Sedimentation (particle diameter > 100 micron)
• Impaction / cyclone
• Filtration
• Liquid scrubbing
• Electrostatic precipitation (Speed <1.5m/sec)
Bag house filter
• Fabric filters
• Hopper
• Main Housing
• Clean gas collection
Mechanism behind particle separations

• Inertial collection –
• Interception –
• Brownian movement
• Electrostatic forces –

A combination of these mechanisms results in

formation of the dust cake on the filter, which
eventually increases the resistance to gas flow.

Cleaning Sequences

• Intermittent (periodic) cleaning

• Continuous cleaning.
Bag house cleaning –
Shaker Mechanism
(Intermittent)
ADVANTAGES
Have high collection efficiency for
respirable dust
Can use strong woven bags, which
can withstand intensified cleaning
cycle to reduce residual dust
buildup
Simple to operate
Have low pressure drop for
equivalent collection efficiencies
DISADVANTAGES
Cannot be used in high
temperatures
Require large amounts of
space
Consist of many moving
parts and require frequent
maintenance
Personnel must enter
baghouse to replace bags,
creating potential for
exposure to toxic dust
Bag house cleaning – Reverse Jet Mechanism
(Continuous)
ADVANTAGES
Have high collection efficiency for
respirable dust
Can have high air-to-cloth ratio (6
to 10 ft/min)
Have increased efficiency and
minimal residual dust buildup due
to aggressive cleaning action
Can clean continuously
DISADVANTAGES
Require use of dry compressed
air
May not be used readily in high
temperatures unless special
fabrics are used
Cannot be used if high moisture
content or humidity levels are
present in the exhaust gases

Can use strong woven bags

Have small size and fewer bags
because of high air-to-cloth ratio
Some designs allow bag changing
without entering baghouse
Bag house cleaning – Reverse airflow Mechanism
(Continuous)
ADVANTAGES
Have high collection efficiency
for respirable dust
Are preferred for high
temperatures due to gentle
cleaning action
Have low pressure drop for
equivalent collection
efficiencies
DISADVANTAGES
Have low air-to-cloth ratio (1
to 2 ft/min)
Require frequent cleaning
because of gentle cleaning
action
Have no effective way to
remove residual dust buildup
Cleaning air must be filtered
Require personnel to enter
baghouse to replace bags
which creates potential for
toxic dust exposure
Ventury scrubber
ADVANTAGES
Can handle flammable and
explosive dust with little risk
Can handle mist
Relatively low maintenance
Provides cooling for hot gasses
Corrosive gases and dusts can be
neutralized
DISADVANTAGES
Effluent liquid can create
water pollution problems
High potential for
corrosion problems
Disposal of waste sludge
may be expensive
Off gas may require
reheating to avoid visible
plume
WATER POLLUTION
Water testing parameters
• Physical parameters
– pH
– TDS / TSS
– Color
– Odor
• Chemical parameters
– COD
– Salinity / Chlorinity
– Hardness
– Heavy metals
– Sulphates and Nitrates
• Biological parameters
– BOD
– MPN
• Drinking water Treatment Plant
• Drinking water Treatment Plant

1. Pumping Fresh water

2. Screening
3. Chemical coagulation
4. Sedimentation (clarifier)
5. Sand filtration
6. Disinfection
1. Chlorination
2. Membrane filtration
(Reverse osmosis)
3. UV treatment
4. Ozonation
7. Distribution
• Drinking water Treatment Plant

Chemical coagulation

Sedimentation
• Drinking water Treatment Plant

Sand filtration
• Drinking water Treatment Plant
• Drinking water Treatment Plant
• Sewage / Effluent Water Treatment (STP /
ETP)
1. Preliminary Treatment
i. Screens -- rack, bar or fine
ii. Comminuting devices -- grinders, cutters,
shredders
iii. Grit chambers
iv. Pre-aeration tanks

2. Primary Treatment
i. Sedimentation (Clarification)
ii. Aeration
iii. Equalization
• Sewage Water Treatment
3. Secondary Treatment
1. Trickling filters with secondary settling tanks
2. Activated sludge and modifications with final
settling tanks
3. Rotating Biological contactors (RBCs)

1. Tertiary / Advanced treatment

1. Disinfection (Chlorination / UV / Ozonation)
2. Nitrogen / phosphorus removal
3. Membrane filtration
• Sewage Water Treatment
1. Preliminary Treatment
i. Screens -- rack, bar or
fine
ii. Comminuting devices --
grinders, cutters,
shredders
iii. Grit chambers
iv. Pre-aeration tanks
• Sewage Water Treatment
2. Primary Treatment
i. Sedimentation (Clarification)
ii. Aeration
iii. Equalization
• Sewage Water Treatment
2. Primary Treatment
i. Sedimentation (Clarification)
ii. Aeration
iii. Equalization
• Sewage Water Treatment
3. Secondary Treatment
1. Trickling filters with secondary settling tanks
2. Activated sludge and modifications with final
settling tanks
3. Rotating Biological contactors (RBCs)
• Sewage Water Treatment
3. Secondary Treatment
1. Trickling filters with secondary settling tanks
2. Activated sludge and modifications with final
settling tanks
3. Rotating Biological contactors (RBCs)
• Sewage Water Treatment
3. Secondary Treatment
1. Trickling filters with secondary settling tanks
2. Activated sludge and modifications with final
settling tanks
3. Rotating Biological contactors (RBCs)
• Sewage Water Treatment
4. Tertiary / Advanced treatment
1. Disinfection (Chlorination / UV / Ozonation)
2. Nitrogen / phosphorus removal
3. Membrane filtration
Nutrient Removal
 • Sewage Water Treatment
4. Tertiary / Advanced treatment
1. Disinfection (Chlorination / UV / Ozonation)
2. Nitrogen / phosphorus removal
3. Membrane filtration

A Ferric Chloride addition system can be used in combination

with a gravity sand filter to achieve high levels of phosphorus
removal.
LAND POLLUTION
CONTROL OF LAND POLLUTION

– Reduction at source
– Optimum use of fertilizers and pesticides (opt
for green manure, bio fertilizers and bio
pesticides)
– Waste treatment at the source
– Sanitary land fills
– Composting
– Incineration
– Pyrolysis
– Gasification
 COMPOSTING

Take care of –

• Carbon
• for energy; the microbial oxidation of carbon
produces the heat, if included at suggested levels
• Nitrogen
• to grow and reproduce more organisms ,
• Oxygen
• for oxidizing the carbon, the decomposition
process
• Water content / Humidity
• in the right amounts to maintain activity without
causing anaerobic conditions
• Temperature
 COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES
Vermi composting
The earthworm species - red wigglers
(Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei)

Composting toilets

Black soldier fly larvae composting

Rapidly consume large amounts of
organic waste when kept at 31.8°C,
the optimum temperature for
reproduction
SANITARY LANDFILLS
 SANITARY LANDFILLS

Parts of a Landfill

Bottom liner system - separates

Trash and subsequent leachate
from groundwater

Cells (old and new) - where the trash is stored within the landfill

Storm water drainage system - collects rain water that falls on

the landfill

Leachate collection system - collects water that has percolated

through the landfill itself and contains contaminating substances
(leachate)

Methane collection system - collects methane gas that is formed

during the breakdown of trash

Covering or cap - seals off the top of the landfill

SANITARY LANDFILLS
INCINERATION
PYROLYSIS
 GASIFICATION

http://www.gasification.org/gasification-applications/power/
E - WASTE POLLUTION
 Recycling scenario in India
 E-waste recycling is presently concentrated in
the informal (unorganized) sector
 No organized collection system prevails
 Operations are mostly illegal
 Processes are highly polluting
 Recycling operations engage in:
dismantling
sale of dismantled parts
valuable resource recovery
export of processed waste for precious metal
recovery
 Concerns: Informal Recycling
 High-risk backyard operation
 Non- efficient and Non-
environmentally sound technologies
 Occupational and environmental
hazards
 Loss of resources due to inefficient
processes
 Impacts vulnerable social groups-
Women, children and mmigrant
labourers
Embracing the better future…