A metal may be defined as a chemical element that possesses ‘Metallic properties’

Metallic properties’ are defined as:

• Luster,
• good thermal and electrical conductivity and the
• Capability of being permanently shaped or deformed at room temperature and which,
in electrolysis, carries a positive charge that is liberated at the cathode.(-) This is use for
plating of metals.

Properties of Metal and Alloys

• Physical properties - relate to color, density, weight and heat conductivity
• Chemical properties - behavior of the metal when placed in contact with the atmosphere, salt water, or
other substances.
• Electrical properties - conductivity, resistance, and magnetic qualities of the metal. • Mechanical
properties – carrying ability, wear resistance, hardness and elasticity.
• Corrosion resistance - ability to withstand attacks from atmospheric, chemical, or electrochemical
conditions.
• Among all above categories of properties of metal and metal alloys , mechanical properties plays major
role in application of metal and their products in building industry.

PROCESSING OF METAL AND ALLOYS

How the gears in your automobile work for years without any breakdown? Or
How a drill is able to make a hole in steel even after numerous holes are made?
These are basically due to the composition of the material and to the structural and
physical alteration of its properties. The art of controlling the metallurgical (structural and
physical) properties of steel or any ferrous material is termed "heat treatment. “ Through
this process the material structure of the metal is altered in order to meet the
requirements of a specific application.

MECHANICAL FORMING PROCESSES

Practically all metals, which are not used in cast form, are reduced to some standard
shapes for subsequent processing. Manufacturing companies producing metals supply
metals in form of ingots which are obtained by casting liquid metal into a square cross
section.
•Slab (500-1800 mm wide and 50 to 300 mm thick)
•Billets (40 to 150 sq mm)
•Blooms (150 to 400 sq mm)
These shapes are further processed through hot rolling, forging or extrusion, to produce
materials in standard form such as plates, sheets, rods, tubes and structural sections. Application –
Shaping process of metal in which ingots or continuously cast materials are converted •used in construction for as compression member - beams, decorative panels (grey Iron),
into shapes and sizes. Another purpose of this process is to alter and modify •Various types of cast irons are widely used for soil, waste and rainwater pipes, valves, pumps, lids
microstructure and properties of products. (manhole lids)
•Foundation for big machines (White Iron),
•Hinges, catches, step iron and similar casting of limited size and decorative panels of fragile design.

Constituents
Group characteristic Application

Ferritic Principally Fe-Cr-C alloys with Hardened and Automotive

strengthened
stainless 12-14% Cr. contain small by components, valves
additions of Mo, V, Nb, and
steel Ni. cold work and
not heat
METAL ALLOYS treatable.
An alloy is a metal (parent metal) combined with other substances (alloying agents), resulting in superior
properties such as; strength, hardness, durability, ductility, tensile strength and toughness. Alloying agent may magnetic
consist of one or more metals and non-metal. Examples of alloys are: Iron and Carbon forming Steel and great Austenitic contain 18% Cr and 8% Ni plus Hardened and Chemical, food
variety of copper alloys such as brass and bronze. stainless minor alloying elements, strengthened by processing equipment
steel non-magnetic cold work. and welding

non-magnetic construction
SECTIONS

Martensitic alloying elements are: Cr, Mn heat treatable. Cutlery, bearings and
Stainless and Mo. Magnetic. surgical tools
Steels
Precipitation- Ultra high strength due to precipitation hardening. Springs, knives and

Hardening pressure vessel

SS

Production of steel from iron ore

Iron ore: Hermatite Fe2O3, Magnetite Fe3O4

Coke, limestone

Blast furnace Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

4% of carbon along with other

Pig Iron
impurities

Basic Oxygen furnace Cupola Furnace

Steel Cast Iron

up to 1.2% of carbon 2-4% of carbon

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