The Force Method For Analysis of Staticaly Indeterminate Structures

LECTURE OF STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
CHAPTER 5
THE FORCE METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF

STATICALY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
ASSOC. PROF. DR. ĐỖ KIẾN QUỐC

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Statically Indeterminate Structures (SIS)

 Definition: Statically indeterminate structures are
those that are impossible to determine all sport
reactions and internal forces using only static
equations.
 Geometrical Property: Geometrical stable with

redundant supports.
Chapter 5 2
5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
2. Characteristics of SIS
- Internal forces and displacement
smaller compared to the
corresponding SDS.
- Internal forces resulted from to,, ql 4
…. 384 EI
- Internal forces dependent to

structural member stiffness EI, EA. 5ql 4
- High ductility (large deformation at 384 EI
failure) => Human safety in case of

risk as earthquake, explosion from
terrors…
Chapter 5 3
5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
3. Degree of Indeterminacy (DI)
 Definition: DI = number of unknown forces in excess

of the static equations = Redundant linkages (supports
or members).
 Meaning: DI = Complexity of structural problem.
Chapter 5 4
5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
4. Released Structures (RS)

 Definition: RS is normally SDS obtained from SIS by
releasing redundant kinkages.
RS = SIS - Redundant Linkages.
 Notice: 1 SIS  Various RS.
Chapter 5 5
5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
4. Released Structures (RS)

 Example:
SIS RSs
P P P
P P
Chapter 5 6
5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
5. The Force Method

 Idea: SIS = RS + Equivalent Conditions
 Comparision of SIS and RS:
- In Force: at the released linkages, SIS has forces Xi, RS
has no forces..
- In Displacement: the displacements in Xi directions on
SIS are zeros, on RS are not zeros.
P
P
X1 X1 X3
X3
X5 X5
X2 X2
SIS X4 RS X4
Chapter 5 7
5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS
5. The Force Method (Cont.)

Equivalent Conditions added to RS:
- In Force: Add the forces Xi at the released linkage.
- In Displacement: Require the conditions xk= 0 ( k=1,n).
 X (X1 ,X 2 ,...,X n ,P)  0

1
n conditions for n unknowns
 X (X1 ,X 2 ,...,X n ,P)  0
2
=> X1, X2, …, Xn can be found
...................................... uniquely.
 X (X1 ,X 2 ,...,X n ,P)  0
n
Chapter 5 8
5.2 FORMULATION FOR THE CASE OF LOADING
1. Normal Equations
The equivalent conditions  X K ( X 1 , X 2 ,..., X n , P )  0 can be
extended using the superposition principle:
 X (X1 ,X2 ,...,Xn ,P)   k 1   k 2  ...   kn   kP  0
K
or  k 1 X 1   k 2 X 2  ...   kn X n   kP  0
Given k= 1,2, …, n: Main coeffs. Auxiliary Coeffs
 11 X 1   12 X 2  ...   1n X n   1 P  0  11  12 ...  1n   X 1    1 P   0 
      
 21 X 1   22 X 2  ...   2 n X n   2 P  0 
 21 22  ...  2n   X    2P  0 
1
 
 .........................   ...   ...   ...
or
.........................................................
   
 n1 X 1   n 2 X 2  ...   nn X n   nP  0 
 n1 n 2  ...    X n    nP   0 
nn 
Flexibility Matrix Free Coeffs
Chapter 5 9
2. Determination of Coefficients km

 Physical Meaning: km- displacement in direction of XK,
due to Xm = 1  M m , Nm , Qm (on RS)
According to Maxwell-Mohr formula :
M M N N QQ
 km    k m ds    k m ds     k m ds
EJ EF GF
Or in the form of diagram multilication :
Frame, beam truss Negligible
 km  M k M m  Nk Nm  Qk Qm   mk (Maxwell)
 kk  M k M k  Nk Nk  Qk Qk > 0
Because km = mk only 1/2 auxiliary coefficients need
calculated.
Chapter 5 10
3. Determination of Coefficients kP

kP - displacement in direction of XK, due to P on RS
o
( M P ,...)
M Po N Po QPo
 kP    M k ds    Nk ds    Qk ds
EJ EF GF
or kP  M k M P  Nk N P  Qk QP
o o o
Frame, beam Truss
Chapter 5 11
5.3 DETERMINATION OF INTERNAL FORCES DIAGRAMS IN SIS
1. Bending Moment Diagram Mp

Apply the superposition principle:
M P  M ( X1 ,..., X n , P)  M1  ....  M n  M Po
M P  M1 X1  ....  M n X n  M Po
M k - BMD due to Xk = 1 on RS Available on
M Po - BMD due to P on RS the Released
Structure
Chapter 5 12
2. Shear and Axial Force Diagram QP & NP

 QP : Inferred from MP
- Member with straight MP: QP determined using
“pencil rule”.
- Member with parabolic MP :
M B  0  QA
Y q 0  Q B
MA MB
NA NB
QA QB
 NP : Inferred from QP considering the equilibrium of

nodes.
Chapter 5 13
3. Example:
Plot diagrams MP, QP, NP.
q
a EJ = const
Chapter 5 14
3. Example (cont.):
- Degree of indeterminacy: DI=2
- Select RS:
RS
q
a EJ = const
X1
X2
a
Chapter 5 15
3. Example (cont.):
- Normal equations: qa 2
a
2
a
M1 M2 M Po
X1 =1
X2 = 1
11 X 1  12 X 2  1P  0
 21 X 1   22 X 2   2 P  0
3 3 3
4 a a a
11  M12  ,  22  M 22  , 12   21  M1 M 2  
3 EJ 3EJ 2EJ
5qa 4 qa 4
1P  M1M  o
P , 2 P  M 2M  
o
P
8EJ 4EJ
Chapter 5 16
3. Example (cont.):
Simplified :
4 1 5
X 1  X 2  qa  0
3 2 8
1 1 1
 X 1  X 2  qa  0
2 3 4
- Solution:
3 3
X 1   qa, X 2  qa
7 28
Chapter 5 17
3. Example (cont.):
- Plot M P  M1 X1  M 2 X 2  M P
o
- Plot QP : From MP
- Plot NP : From QP (Equilibrium of nodes) 4qa
3qa 7
2
qa 28
14
qa 2 4qa
qa 2 28 7
8
MP QP NP
3qa 3qa
7 28
Chapter 5 18
5.4. ANALYSIS OF SIS SUBJECTED TO TEMPERATURE CHANGE
1. Normal Equations
the k-th equation is obtained using the superposition principle:
 k1 X1  ...   kn X n   kt  0

 kt    tc  N   t M (if t, h … = const)
k
h k
2. Diagrams
M to = 0 in statically indeterminate structures, so
M t  M 1 X 1  ....  M n X n
Qt : inferred from Mt
Nt : inferred from Qt (equilibrium of nodes)
Chapter 5 19
3. Example:
Plot the bending moment diagram M.
+t
+t +2t +t a
Chapter 5 20
3. Example (cont.):
- Released structure and normal equation: 11 X 1  1t  0
- Plot M 1 & N1 1
a a
+t
a M1 N1
+t +2t +t
X1 =1 X1 =1
Chapter 5 21
1
3. Example (cont.): a
a
+t
a M1 N1
+t +2t +t
X1 =1 X1 =1
a
3
5 a
- Coefficients : 11  M1 
2
3 EJ

1t    tc  N   t M
1
h 1
3t   3 2a 
  .(1.a)  .t.  2a 2    .t.a.   
2 h 2 h 
Chapter 5 22
3. Example (cont.):  3 2a 
 .t.a   
- Solution: X 1  
1t
  2 h   3EJ . .t  3  2a 
 
11 5a 3 5a 2  2 h 
3EJ
- Plot: M t  M1 X1
3EJ  t  3 2a 
  
5a  2 h 
Mt
Chapter 5 23
5.5 ANALYSIS OF SIS SUBJECTED TO SUPPORT SUBSIDENCE
1. Released Structures
In order to the equivalent condition always has the form
 X ( X1 ,..., X n , )  0 it is necessary that:
k
• For the redundant support without subsidence: It can be removed

and replaced by the reaction Xk.
• For the redundant support with subsidence: It must be cut and
replaced by the pairs of forces Xk.  X k  0 has the physical
meaning of relative displacement in direction of Xk..
Example:
X1
X1
 X1 = 0 X1 X1  0 (= -)
Chapter 5 24
5.5 ANALYSIS OF SIS SUBJECTED TO SUPPORT SUBSIDENCE
2. Normal Equations
 k1 X1  ...   kn X n  k   0 k = 1 , n.
 k    Rki  im 0 in Statically Determinate
i Structures
Diagram: M   M1 X1  ....  M n X n  M
o

Q & N  as above
Example:
1  (1.)   X1 = 1
(+: closer; -: far away)
Chapter 5 25
5.6 CALCULATION OF DISPLACEMENT IN SIS
1. Displacement due to Loading

Formula kP  M P M ko
M ko - on any released structure.
Proof:
“P” “P” “K”
P K P K PK = 1
MP  MP M Ko
X1
(a) X3 (b) (c)
X2
Chapter 5 26
Example:
qa 2 qa 2
q L “K” PK = 1
8 8
a
MP M Ko
 kP  0
Chapter 5 27
2. Displacement due to Temperature Change and
Support Subsidence
t1 t1
K K “K” PK = 1
t2 t2
t1 t1  t1 t1
Mt Mt M Ko
X1
(a)
X3 (b) (c)
X2
For the equivalence: (a)=(b), where (b) is the Released Structure = Statically
Determinate Structure. The displacement on (b) can be calculated instead of (a).
Apply the superposition on (b) :
kt  M t M ko  okt k  M  M ko  ok

 okt displacement due to temperature on RS.
ok displacement due to support subsidence on RS.
Chapter 5 28
Example:
Caculate the vertical displacement.
PK = 1 PK = 1
a 1 1
4 2 2
M Ko N Ko
a a

 kt  M t M ko    tc  N   t M
o o
k
h k
 .t.a  a
 129  2 
80  h
Chapter 5 29
5.7 SYMPLIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
1. Selection of Released Structures

 Structural analysis consists of:
o
- Plot M p , Mk
- Calculate coefficients:  km ,  kP
- Solve the normal equations
 A good Released Structure:
o
- Determine easily M p , M k , the shape of M diagrams
simple  easy multiplication of diagrams
- Provide as much as possible  km  0  Easy solving
normal equations
 With complicated structures or multi-span structures such as
continuous beams, the Released Structures are normally selected
by “cutting” them into independent parts.
Chapter 5 30

 Example: beam P
MK
Not good:
XK= 1
MK = 1
Good:
MK
Chapter 5 31

 Example:
- Plot M, Q.
- Calculate the vertical displacement at K.
qa qa2 q
K
a a a
Chapter 5 32
1. Selection of Released Structures (cont.)

 Example (cont.):
- Degree of indeterminacy: DI = 2
- select RS:
X1 X2
- Normal equaions:
11 X 1  12 X 2  1P  0
 21 X 1   22 X 2   2 P  0
Chapter 5 33

Example (cont.): X = 1
1
M1
X2 = 1
M2
qa 2
2 M Po
qa
qa 2
8
4
2 a 2 a 1 a
11  M 12  ,  22  M 22  ,  21  12  M 1 M 2 
3 EJ 3 EJ 6 EJ
3 3
11 qa 1 qa
1P  M1M Po   ,  2 P  M 2 M Po  
48 EJ 8 EJ
Chapter 5 34

Simplified: 2 X  1 X  11 qa 2  0
1 2
3 6 48
1 2 1 2
X 1  X 2  qa  0
6 3 8
- Solution:
19 2 13 2
X1  qa , X 1  qa
60 120
Chapter 5 35

- Plot M P  M1 X1  M 2 X 2  M Po
- Plot QP : from MP
82 2
qa
120
38 2 MP
qa
120 13 2
49 2 qa
qa 120
120
155
98 qa
qa 120 35
120 qa
120
QP
22 13
qa qa
120 120
Chapter 5 36

- Calculate the vertical displacement at K
1
Mk
a
4
13 qa 4
yk  M k M P 
320 EJ
Chapter 5 37
2. Symmetric Structures
 The Released Structures should be selected symmetrical :
The unknowns become 2 groups :
- Symmetrical : X1, X2 => M1, M2 symmetrical.
- Anti-symmetrical : X3 => M3 anti-symmetrical.
P P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2
X1 X2 X1 X3
= +
(a) (b) (c)
Chapter 5 38
The normal Equations become 2 independent groups.

P P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2
X1 X2 X1 X3
= +
(a) (b) (c)
11 X 1  12 X 2  1P  0

Symmetrical Unknowns
 21 X 1   22 X 2   2 P  0
 33 X 3  3P  0 Anti-Symmetrical Unknown
Chapter 5 39
2. Symmetric Structures (cont.)

 Analysis of the load into symmetrical and anti-
symmetrical loads:
MPo  MPo sym  MPo anti-sym

- With symmetrical load: 3 P  0 X3 = 0, X1, X2 0.
- With anti-symmetrical load: 1P   2 P  0  X1= X2 = 0

X3 0.
Chapter 5 40
2. Symmetric Structures (cont.)

Example: P/2 P/2
P/2 P/2
P
X1
= +
(a) (b) (c)

System (b): 11 X1  1P  0 P/2
X1
P/2
System (c): Select RS as  M p  0
o
so 1P   2 P  3P  0
 X1  X2  X3  0 X2 X3
MP  M1X 1  M2 X 2  M3 X 3  MPo  0
Chapter 5 41
2. Variation of the unknowns by rigid bars

 Idea: change of position and location of unknowns 
change  km . If the change is suitable then there may be
several  km  0 (applicable for frames or arches).
 Example:
X2
X1 X1
2h
h   3
X3 X3
X1, X3 : Symm.
X2 : Anti-symm.
Chapter 5 42

 Example (cont.)
X2 = 1
X1 = 1
X3 = 1
M1 M2
M3
All the auxiliary coefficients  km = 0:
Chapter 5 43

 Example (cont.)
X2 = 1
X1 = 1
X3 = 1
M1 M2
M3
Leading to 3 independent equations :
11 X1  1P  0
 22 X1   2 P  0
 33 X1   3 P  0
Chapter 5 44

The Force Method For Analysis of Staticaly Indeterminate Structures

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The Force Method For Analysis of Staticaly Indeterminate Structures

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LECTURE OF STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

THE FORCE METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF

ASSOC. PROF. DR. ĐỖ KIẾN QUỐC

1. Statically Indeterminate Structures (SIS)

 Geometrical Property: Geometrical stable with

- Internal forces dependent to

failure) => Human safety in case of

3. Degree of Indeterminacy (DI)

 Definition: DI = number of unknown forces in excess

 Meaning: DI = Complexity of structural problem.

4. Released Structures (RS)

RS = SIS - Redundant Linkages.

 Notice: 1 SIS  Various RS.

4. Released Structures (RS)

5. The Force Method

5. The Force Method (Cont.)

 X (X1 ,X 2 ,...,X n ,P)  0

Flexibility Matrix Free Coeffs

2. Determination of Coefficients km

3. Determination of Coefficients kP

Frame, beam Truss

1. Bending Moment Diagram Mp

2. Shear and Axial Force Diagram QP & NP

 NP : Inferred from QP considering the equilibrium of

• For the redundant support without subsidence: It can be removed

(+: closer; -: far away)

1. Displacement due to Loading

kt  M t M ko  okt k  M  M ko  ok

1. Selection of Released Structures

1. Selection of Released Structures

1. Selection of Released Structures

1. Selection of Released Structures (cont.)

1. Selection of Released Structures (cont.)

1. Selection of Released Structures (cont.)

1. Selection of Released Structures (cont.)

1. Selection of Released Structures (cont.)

P P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2

(a) (b) (c)

The normal Equations become 2 independent groups.

(a) (b) (c)

11 X 1  12 X 2  1P  0

2. Symmetric Structures (cont.)

MPo  MPo sym  MPo anti-sym

- With anti-symmetrical load: 1P   2 P  0  X1= X2 = 0

2. Symmetric Structures (cont.)

(a) (b) (c)

2. Variation of the unknowns by rigid bars

2. Variation of the unknowns by rigid bars

All the auxiliary coefficients  km = 0:

2. Variation of the unknowns by rigid bars

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