Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Computer-Based
Information System
1-1
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Information Management
Information:
The most valuable resource
1-2
Five Main Resources
}
■ Personnel
■ Material
■ Machines Physical
– (including facilities and energy)
■ Money
■ Information (and data)
} Conceptual
1-3
How Resources are Managed
■ Acquire
■ Assemble, or prepare
■ Maximize use
■ Replace
1-4
Factors Stimulating Interest in
Information Management
■ Increasing complexity of business activity
– International economy
– Worldwide competition
– Increasing complexity of technology
– Shrinking time frames
– Social constraints
■ Improved computer capabilities
– Size
– Speed
1-5
Who are the Users?
■ Managers
■ Nonmanagers
■ Persons & organizations in the firm’s
environment
1-6
The Influence of Management
Level on Information Source
1-7
The Influence of Management
Level on Information Form
1-8
Managers Can Be Found on All
Levels and in All Functional
Areas of the Firm
Strategic planning level
Operational Control
Level
1-10
What Managers do --
Mintzberg’s Roles
■ Interpersonal roles ■ Decisional roles
– Figurehead – Entrepreneur
– Leader – Disturbance
– Liaison handler
■ Informational roles – Resource allocator
– Monitor – Negotiator
– Disseminator
– Spokesperson
1-11
Management Skills
}
■ Communications
How can an
information
■ Problem solving specialist help?
1-12
Computer Reports
Noncomputer reports
Electronic mail
Periodicals Written Media
Internal Sources
Scheduled Meetings
Problem Solving
Unscheduled Meetings
Telephone
Voice Mail
Comes in Many Forms
Oral Media
Tours
External Sources
Business Meals
Problem Solving Information
1-13
Management Knowledge
■ Computer literacy
■ Information literacy
1-14
System Components
Component parts of a system that
can control its own operations
Objectives
Control
mechanism
1-15
Open-Loop System
1-16
Open versus Closed Systems
■ Open system
– Connected to its environment by means of
resource flows
■ Closed system
– Not connected to its environment
1-17
Systems
Can Be Composed of Subsystems or Elemental Parts
System
Elemental
Subsystem A-3
part B1 1-18
Physical and Conceptual Systems
■ Physical system
– The business firm
– Composed of physical resources
■ Conceptual system
– Represents a physical system
– Uses conceptual resources
» Information
» Data
1-19
A Systems View
■
Business operations are embedded within a larger environmental setting
Reduces complexity
–
Requires good objectives
–
Emphasizes working together
–
Acknowledges interconnections
–
Values feedback
–
1-20
Data and Information
■ Information processor
– Key element in the conceptual system
– Computer
– Noncomputer
– Combination
■ Data is the raw material transformed into
information
1-21
Evolution of the CBIS
■ Data Processing (DP)
■ Management Information Systems (MIS) 1964
– IBM promoted the concept as a means of selling disk files and
terminals
■ Decision Support Systems (DSS) 1971
– Text book’s distinction:
» MIS: Organizational/group - general
» DSS: Individual - specific
■ Office Automation (OA) 1964
■ Artificial Intelligence (AI)/ Expert Systems (ES) - 1990s
– Heavy investment by businesses
1-22
The CBIS Model
Computer-based
Information System
(CBIS)
Problem Accounting
Information System
Information Management
Decisions Information System
Decision Support
Systems
Knowledge-based
Systems 1-23
Information Services
1-24
Traditional Communication Chain
Database
Administrator
Systems Operator
User Analyst
Programmer Computer
Network
Specialist
1-25
End-User Computing (EUC)
■ End-user computing
– Development of all or part of applications
– Information specialists act as consultants
■ Stimulants to EUC
– Increased computer literacy
– IS backlog
– Low-cost hardware (the PC)
– Prewritten software (electronic spreadsheets)
1-26
IS and EUC
The End-User Computing
Communication Chain
Information
Specialists
Support
Communication
User Computer
1-27
Justifying the CBIS
1-29
Reengineering the CBIS
1-30
Roles Played by the Manager
and by the Information
Phase
Specialist
Manager Information Specialist
1-31
Summary
1-33