GROUP IV

SENTENCE RELATIONS; SITUATION TYPES, MODALITY

AND EVIDENTIALITY

PAHAYAHAY, APRIL MAE

JIMENEZ, TWINKLE ANN
JANDAYAN, VINICE
MORALDE, KELCID EMYR C.
 SENTENCE RELATION
 Senses and Relations
polysemous having multiple meanings
monosemous having just one meaning
homonyms words unrelated meaning; grammatically
equivalent; with identical forms
 Sentence Relations and Truth
1. A and B are synonymous: A means the same as B
a. My brother is a bachelor.
b. My brother has never married.
2. A entails B: if we know A then we know B
a. The child killed the cat.
b. The cat is dead.
3. A contradicts B: A is inconsistent with B
a. Fred has long hair.
b. Fred is bald.
 SITUATION TYPES
States – are non-dynamic
verb of emotion/cognition/attitude: love, like, worry,
fear, know, think, believe, hope
verb of perception: see, hear, feel
verb of existence: be, live, exist
verb of location: sit, stand, lie, rest
verb of relation: contain, include, consist of
Example: He lives in New York
Achievement – dynamic and has no conceivable duration in
time

Examples: win, find, recognize, discover, leave, lose,

finish, start, stop, begin, catch, arrive

The bomb exploded.

He found the keys.
Activity – is durative and atelic
verbs of motion: hunt, walk, run
verbs of action: talk, read, work
verb of active perception: listen to, watch

Examples:
He was taking a walk.
He was reading a book.
Accomplishment – is dynamic, telic and durative

Examples: build, make, draw a picture, look through,

walk a mile, read a book

They built a house last year.

He read the book yesterday.
 MODALITY
 expresses the attitude of the speaker towards the state of
affairs exposed in the sentence, it expresses necessity and
probability.

Modal Verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall,

should, must
dare, need, ought to, used to, etc.
Types of Modality
1. Logical Modality – concerns the total truth possibilities
for a proposition according to the
requirement of logic.
2. Epistemic Modality – expresses the necessity or possibility of
a proposition being true, given what is
already known.
3. Deontic Modality – expresses what is required or what
someone is obliged to do.
 EVIDENTIALITY
is an epistemic modality that connotes speaker’s assessment
of the evidence for his statement, for example to distinguish
hearsay from something is actually witnessed.

deals with how speaker let listeners know how he obtained

the information expressed in a clause.
 Types of Evidential
1. Quotative Evidential
-is an evidential in which someone else is the source of
the statement made.

2. Sensory Evidential
-is an evidential signaling that the speaker’s evidence
for truth of his statement is derived from his own
sensory evidence.
Examples:

I hear that, as I hear, as I can see, they say, it is said,

stated, reportedly, I see that, I think that, as I can see,
as far as I understand, it seems, it seems to me that, it
looks like, it appears that, it turns out that, obviously,
etc.
 END OF OUR REPORT

GOD BLESSED!

Language forces us to perceive the world as man presents it to us.

~Julia Penelope