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Vitamin A, D, E, K
Objectives
Objectives
After reading Chapter 6, completing a concept m
ap and class discussion, you will be able to:
Identify fat soluble vitamins
Distinguish fat soluble vs water soluble
Identify food sources for Vitamins A,D,E,K
Identify toxicity levels for Vitamins A,D,E,K
Describe one major role for Vitamins A,D,E,K
Fat Soluble Vitamins: Character
istics
Essential
Organic Structure
Non-energy Producing
Micronutrients
Stability
Bioavailability
Toxicity
Vitamin Misconception
“More is Better”?
Toxicity
Toxicity is rare but it is a possibility.
Toxicity is very rarely associated with fo
od.
Toxicity results from overuse of supple
ments.
Vitamin Concept Map
FUNCTIONS Food Sources
Vitamin
Other Facts
Vitamin A
Functions SOURCES
Vitamin A
Other Facts
Vitamin A
Other names
Preformed Vitamin A – retinyl esters
Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid
Sources: animal foods, fortified foods, pharm
aceutical supplements
Provitamin A - Precursors=carotenoids
Beta-carotene and other carotenoids
Sources: plant foods
Vitamin A
2001 RDA
Men: 900 g RAE/day
Women: 700 g RAE/day
RAE=Retinol Activity Equivalents
1 microgram of retinol
12 micrograms of beta-carotene
24 micrograms of other precursor carotenoid
Upper level for adults: 3000 g/day
Vitamin A
Chief functions in the body
Vision
Maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells,
mucous membranes, skin
Bone and tooth growth
Reproduction
Immunity
Antioxidant effect of beta-carotene
Vitamin A in Vision
Vitamin A
Function in protein synthesis and cel
l differentiation
Vitamin A Deficiency
Night blindness
Xerosis (corneal drying)
Bitot’s spots
Karatomalacia
Xerophtalmia
Hyperkaratosis
Impaired immunity
Vitamin A Deficiency
Keratinization
Vitamin A defi
ciency sympto
m
Vitamin A Toxicity
Toxicity from provitamin A impossible
Conversion of carotenoids to retinal highly re
gulated by the body
Homeostatic mechanisms control tightly
Toxicity from preformed A inevitable
Efficient absorption and hepatic storage of A
Storage continues until pathologic condition
develops; liver stores ~80% of body reserves
Vitamin A Toxicity
Large % of population in developed natio
ns have intakes of preformed vitamin A hi
gher than the RDA
75% of people may be routinely ingesting mo
re than RDA
Some studies suggest that as little as twi
ce the RDA intake may contribute to sub
clinical Vitamin A toxicity
Acute Toxicity
Vitamin/ Amount % DV
Mineral
A 14,320 IU 286
C 235 mg 371
E 200 IU 667
Copper 0.8 mg 40
WARNING
Vitamin A & Macular Degeneration
Functions SOURCES
Vitamin D
Other Facts
Vitamin D
Other names
Calciferol
1,25-dihyroxy vitamin D (calcitriol)
Animal version: vitamin D3 or cholecalcif
erol
Plant version: vitamin D2 or ergocalcifero
l
Precursor is the body’s own cholesterol
Vitamin D
1997 adequate intake (AI)
19-50 years: 5 g/day
51-70 years: 10 g/day
more than 70 years: 15 g/day
Upper level for adults: 50 g/day
Vitamin D
Chief functions in the body
Mineralization of bones
raises blood calcium and phosphorus by incr
easing absorption from digestive tract
withdrawing calcium from bones
stimulating retention by kidneys)
Vitamin D
Calcium and phosphorous absorption
Without D only 10-15% dietary calcium a
bsorbed
With D absorption increased to 30-40%
Without D about 60% phosphorous absor
bed
With D absorption increased to ~80%
Vitamin D
Recent research indicates Vitamin D has
a role in the prevention of
Heart disease
Type-1 Diabetes
Multiple Sclerosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Crohn’s Disease
Certain Cancers
Vitamin D
Nonskeletal functions of Vitamin D
Brain, prostate, breast, colon tissues and im
mune cells have Vitamin D receptors and re
spond to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (the active
form of D)
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D controls more than
200 genes
Potent immunomodulator
Vitamin D
Deficiency
Rickets
Inadequate calcification
Misshapen, deformed
Lax muscles with spasm
Osteomalacia
Loss of calcium
Soft, deformed bones
Pain, weakness
Vitamin D
Toxicity – Hypervitaminosis D
Elevated blood calcium
Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessel
s, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around jo
ints)
Thought to be the most frequently occur
ring vitamin toxicity but………..
Vitamin D
The Sunshine Vitamin
Approximately 90% of Vi
tamin D requirement obt
ained from sun
UV light from sun hits sk
in, triggers synthesis
Activated in liver and ki
dneys
Vitamin D Sources
Fortified
Milk
Margarine
Butter
Cereal
Veal, Beef
Egg yolk
Fatty fish (salmon, sardines, herring)
Vitamin E
Functions SOURCES
Vitamin E
Other Facts
Vitamin E
Other name: alpha-tocopherol
2000 RDA
Adults: 15 mg/day
Upper level for adults: 1000 mg/day
Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
Vitamin E
Chief function in the body
Antioxidant
stabilization of cell membranes,
regulation of oxidation reactions,
protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids
and vitamin A
Vitamin E: Antioxidant
Vitamin E Sources
Polyunsaturated plant oils
Margarine
Salad dressing
Leafy green vegetables
Wheat germ
Whole grains
Egg yolks
Nuts and seeds
Vitamin K
Functions SOURCES
Vitamin K
Other Facts
Vitamin K
Other names
Phylloquinone
Manaquinone
Menadione
Naphthoquinone
2001 AI
Men: 120 g/day
Women: 90 g/day
Vitamin K
Family of vitamins
Naturally found in primarily two forms
K1 and K2
K3 simpler form; synthetically created
Identified by German scientists
Required for normal blood clotting
Named “K” for German word for “clot”
No Tolerable Upper Limit
Vitamin K
Bacteria in intestines produce ~75% o
f Vitamin K absorbed by body daily
Vitamin K not stored in body
Vitamin K needs to be supplied daily
Absorption dependent on healthy live
r and gall bladder
Vitamin K
K1 produced by plants we eat
K2 produced by bacteria in intestine; c
onverted from K1
K2 more potent (15x); more active; and
wider range of activities
Better absorbed; longer biological activity
Predominant form found in body tissues
Used preferentially by all tissues but liver
Vitamin K
Chief functions in the body
Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and
bone proteins that regulate blood calciu
m
Vitamin K: Other Functions
Synthesis of bone proteins that regula
te blood calcium; prevent bone loss
Integration of calcium into bones
Prevent calcium deposition in blood ve
ssels (vascular calcification)
Maintain blood vessel elasticity
Vitamin K and Medication
Bisphosponates – osteoporosis drugs
K improves utilization of these drugs
Wafarin - anticoagulants
As little as 1 mg/day can interfere with
anticoagulant activity of drug
Vitamin K Sources
Bacterial synthesis
in GI tract
Leafy green vegeta
bles
Cruciferous vegeta
bles
Liver
Milk
Vitamin K Sources
Vitamin K1 produced by plants and algae
Broccoli, kale, chard; plant oils like canola an
d soybean
Hydrogenated soybean oil has ineffective K
Vitamin K2 produced by bacteria in gut
Food Sources: fermented soybean (Natto); da
iry products, egg yolk
Antioxidants
Objectives
Antioxidants
Objectives
Objectives
Objectives
After reading Chapter 6, completing a concept m
ap and class discussion, you will be able to:
Identify fat soluble vitamins
Distinguish fat soluble vs water soluble
Identify food sources for Vitamins A,D,E,K
Identify toxicity levels for Vitamins A,D,E,K
Describe one major role for Vitamins A,D,E,K
Fat Soluble
Objectives Vitamins