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Accuracy
Environmental condition - usually has limits for
temperature/ humidity
Range - Measurement limit of sensor
Calibration - Essential for most of the measuring devices
as the readings changes with time
Resolution - Smallest increment detected by the sensor
Cost
Repeatability - The reading that varies is repeatedly
measured under the same environment
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Classification of Sensors the sensors are classified into the
following criteria:
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is a device, typically, a thermocouple or RTD, that
provides for temperature measurement through an
electrical signal.
1. contact sensors
2. noncontact sensors.
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Contact temperature sensors measure the temperature of the
object to which the sensor is in contact by assuming or
knowing that the two (sensor and the object) are in thermal
equilibrium in other words, there is no heat flow between
them.
Noncontact Sensors
Most commercial and scientific noncontact temperature sensors
measure the thermal radiant power of the
Infrared or Optical radiation received from a known or calculated
area on its surface or volume within it.
An example of noncontact temperature sensors is a pyrometer
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Thermocouples
Resistance temperature devices (RTD)
Thermistors
Infrared sensors
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• Mostly widely used in
industry Measuring Junction
• Range: sub-zero to
4000oF(2000oC) A
+
• Formed by joining two
different metal alloy wires
(A,B) at point called
B
- Display
Device
junction
Reference
• Junction called the
Junction
measuring or “hot”
junction
• Lead ends attached to
temp indicator or
controller
• Connection point called
reference or “cold”
junction
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Measuring junction is heated, small DC voltage
(millivolts) generated in thermocouple wires
Thermocouple converts thermal energy into
electrical energy
Note: thermocouple only generates a millivoltage
signal when there is temperature difference
between “hot” and “cold” junctions
“cold” junction usually set to 32oF(0oC)
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Precision Temperature Sensors
More accurate than thermocouple elements
Maintain accuracy over longer period of time
Range up to 1200oF (650oC)
Styles
Wire-Wound
Thin film
Kapton Insulated
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• RTD’s resistance increase as temp increase.
– Controller measures resistance value and converts to temp.
reading, fairly linear relationship.
– Unlike thermocouple, no electrical signal generated
– Controller measures resistance by passing current through
RTD
– Use a base resistance value (ex: for Platinum, value of 100
ohms at 0oC (32oF)
Temperature (oC) 11
Advantages of RTDs
Stability
Repeatability
Accuracy
Disadvantages of RTDs
Cost: more expensive
Temp. Range limited
Response Time slower
Heat must transfer through epoxy or glass coating
Entire RTD element must reach uniform temp. before
accurate measurement taken.
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• Semiconductor used as temperature sensor
• Made from mixture of metal oxides pressed to bead or wafer
form
• Bead heated under pressure at high temp & encapsulated with
glass/epoxy
• RESULT: Distinct non-linear resistance vs. temp. relationship
Temperature (oC) 13
• Intercepts portion of infrared energy radiated by object
• Waves focused through lens on infrared detector, converting
to an electric output signal
Infrared Detector
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LIGHT SENSOR
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Photoelectric devices can be grouped into two main
categories, those which generate electricity when
illuminated, such as
Photo-voltaics or
Photo-emissive etc. and those which change their electrical
properties in some way such as Photo-resistors or Photo-
conductors. This leads to the following classification of
devices.
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Photo-conductive Cells – These photodevices vary their
electrical resistance when subjected to light. Photoconductivity
results from light hitting a semiconductor material which
controls the current flow through it. Thus, more light increase
the current for a given applied voltage. The most common
photoconductive material is Cadmium Sulphide used in LDR
photocells.
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Photo-junction Devices – These photodevices
are mainly true semiconductor devices such as the
photodiode or phototransistor which use light to
control the flow of electrons and holes across their
PN-junction.
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