STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF TEST

DATA
• The experimental data is obtained in the following two forms of
tests:

Single sample test Multi sample test

A single measurement done under
identical conditions excepting for time quantity are taken under different test
Repeated measurements of a given
conditions such as using different
instruments, differents ways of
measuremeents and by employing
different observers. This type of test
does not materialise result by simply
making measurements with the same
equipment, procedure, technique and
same observer.
Descriptive Statistics
• Analytical method allow comparison between data
• 2 main analytical methods for describing data
• Measures of central tendency
• Measures of dispersion
• Measures of central tendency of a distribution - a numerical value that describes
the central position of data
• 3 common measures
• mean
• median
• mode
Measure of central tendency
Measure of Central Tendency
• Mean - most common measure used
• What is middle value? What is average number of
rejects, errors, dimension of product?
• Mean for Ungrouped Data - unarranged
• x (x bar)
n

X x i
x1  x 2   x n
 i1

n n
Mean
Example
A QA engineer inspects 5 pieces of a tyre’s thread depth (mm). What is the mean
thread depth?
x1 = 12.3 x2 = 12.5 X3 = 12.0.
x4 = 13.0 x5 = 12.8

Σx i 62.5
x    12.5 mm
5 5
Mean - Grouped Data
• When data already grouped in frequency distribution
h

f i xi
x  i1
Σfi 
fi (n)= sum. of freq.
fi = freq in the ith cell
n = no. of cells/class
xi = mid point in ith cell
Mean - Grouped Data
Cell (i) Class Mid Freq Fixi fi fixi
boundary Point (fi)
(xi)
1 1 – 20 10 2 20 2
2 21 – 40 30 10 300 12
3 41 - 60 50 20 1000 32
4 61 – 80 70 12 840 44
5 81 -100 90 6 540 50
Totals 2700

 fi xi
x  = 2700/50 = 54
fi
Median – Ungrouped Data
• Median – value of data which divides total observation into 2 equal parts
• Ungrouped data – 2 possibilities
• When total number of data (N) is a) odd or b) even
• If N is odd ; (N+1/2)th value is median
• eg. 3 4 5 6 8 N+1/2=6/2=3 , 3rd no.

• If N is even
• eg. 3 5 7 9 ½ of (5+7)=6

• NOTE: ORDER THE NUMBERS FIRST!

Median – Grouped Data
• Need to find cell / class having middle value & interpolating in the
cell using
n 
  cfm 
x 0.5  Lm   2 i
 fm 
 
 
Lm = lower boundary of cell with the median
Cfm = Cum. freq. of all cells below Lm
fm =class/cell freq. where median occurs
i = cell interval
Example
MD= 40.5 + 10
= 53.5
Measures of dispersion
• describes how the data are spread out or scattered on each
side of central value
• both measures of central tendency & dispersion needed to
describe data
• Exams Results
• Class 1 – avg. : 60.0 marks
• highest: 95
• lowest : 25
• Class 2 – avg. : 60.0 marks
• highest: 100
• lowest : 15 marks
Measures of dispersion
• Main types – range, standard deviation, and variance
• Range – difference bet. highest & lowest value
• R = XH - XL
• Standard deviation
• Variance – standard deviation squared
• Large value shows greater variability or spread
Standard deviation
• For Ungrouped Data
•s = sample std. dev.
n

 x  x 
2
i
s i1
n 1
xi = observed value
x = average
n = no. of observed value
• or use
2
n
 n 
n x i    x i 
2

s i1  i1 
n n 1
 EXAMPLE

By using a thermocouple, the following readings were taken of a certain physical temperature as shown in Table 1

Temperature (oC) 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205
Frequency 2 4 10 24 36 14 5 3 2

Table 1 : Measurement Results

Assuming that only random errors are present, calculate the following:

(i) Arihmetic mean

(ii) Average deviation
(iii) Standard deviation
(iv) Variance
Solutions