Anatomi dan fisiologi

sistem Integumen

Binar wahyuning widhi,S.Kep.,Ns.,M.Kep

STIKES BHM MADIUN
Sistem Integumen

 Integumen = kulit
 Sistem integumen
meliputi kulit, rambut,
kuku, reseptor sensori
dan kelenjar.
 Kulit merupakan organ
yang paling besar
 Sekitar 16% dari BB
Pada dasarnya kulit terdiri dari
 Epidermis
-Outermost layer,
-Made up of epithelial tissue
 Dermis
Inner layer,
much thicker than epidermis
Dense irregular connective tissue
 Hypodermis
Contains elastic connective tissue
and fat to insulate,blood vessel
Not part of integument
Karakteristik jaringan
epitelium
 Lack blood vessels
 Cells devide often and easily
 Tighly packed
 Other fuction include secretion
(hormon), absorption (food) and
excretion
 Average life span 100 days
 Fungsi kulit
Protection
Prevention of H2O loss
Temperature regulation
Vitamin D syntesis
Immune defense
A. Epidermis
• Most superficial layer
• Avascular
• Keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium cells
• Keratinocytes – produce protein
keratin – Keratin – fibrous
protein for waterproofing and
insulation
• Melanocytes – produce melanin –
Melanin – pigment for skin color
and absorbs UV light
• 4-5 layers of distinc cell types
 The epidermis of the palms and soles has five layers because these areas
are exposed to the most friction. In all other areas of the body, the
epidermis has only four layers.
Stratum basale

• Germinativum/malphigian layer.
• Four types of cells compose the stratum
basale: keratinocytes, melanocytes,
tactile cells (Merkel cells), and markel
cells
• Keratinocytes are specialized cells that
produce the protein keratin, which
toughens and waterproofs the skin.
• Melanocytes are specialized epithelial
cells that synthesize the pigment melanin
which provides a protective barrier to the
ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
• Tactile cells are sparse compared to
keratinocytes and melanocytes. These
sensory receptor cells aid in tactile
(touch) reception.
• Merkel cell Sensory cells innervated by
sensory nerves. Abundant in fingertips,
oral mucosa & hair follicles. Function as
mechanoreceptors. .
Melanin and skin colour
 Pigmen melanin produced
by melanociyes
 Melanocytes are mostly in
the stratum basale
 Colours is yellow to brown
to black
 Amount of melanin
produced depend upon
genetics and exposureto
sunlight
2. Stratum spinosum
 Stratum spinosum
 contains several layers of
cells.
 Attached each other via
desmosomes
 Have langerhans cells (help
with skin immnity to againts
bacteria and viruses)
 5-8 layers
 Most thicker epidermis
layers
 Different shape of cell
because mitosis
3. Stratum granulosum
Stratum granulosum
 The stratum granulosum
consists of only three or
four flattened layers of
cells. These cells contain
granules that are filled
with keratohyalin
granule.
 Trasition between alive
layers and dead layers of
skin
 Fully keratinized cell
dead but strong and
water insoluable
 4. Stratum lucidum

• The nuclei, organelles,

and cell membranes are
no longer visible (dead)
in the cells of the
stratum lucidum, and so
histologically this layer
appears clear.
• It exists only in the lips
and in the non hairy or
thickened skin of the
soles and palms.
5. Stratum corneum
Stratum corneum
 Most superficial layer of
epidermis
 The stratum corneum is
composed of 25 to 30 layers
of deadcells. Depending on
location the body.
 Comprised solely of dead
keratinocyte
 Callus-abnormal thickening
of stratum corneum
 Superficial layer is
continuously slouged off
Epidermal variation skin
colours
 Determined by three pigments
 Hemoglobin look pink or blue
 Melanin increase in people exposed to more UV light
 Carotine yellow-orange
Skin markings

 Nevus
Localized overgrowth of melanocyte

 Hemangioma
Proliferation of blood vessel

 Friction ridges
Folds of epidermis/dermis on
fingers,palms,soles and toes for grasping
B. Dermis
 Separated from epidermis
by a layer of cells called
dermis papiliae.
 Fingerprints
 Dermal blood vessels
supply nutrients to skin cells
 Nerve cells
 Houses hair follicles and sweat
gland
B. Dermis
 Composed of connective
tissue ,Blood vessels, nerves,
glands, hair follicles
 2 regions
– Papillary
– Reticular
 Dermis
Papillary layers (20%)
-Houses nerve ending that
provide body with sense of
touh-pain, heat,
cold,pressure,
-Hightly vascularized
-Dermal ridge (contribute to
finger prints)
-made of mainly adipose
tissue with fine elastine
contribution and the inner is
irregular connective tissue
 Dermis
Reticular layers(80%)
-Contains of cels,blood
and lymph vessels,oil and
sweat glands, hair
follicles,parrector pili
muscles
-contain of
fibroblast(produce
collagen and elastin)
-collagen fibers form the
strenght of dermis and
somewhat elastic
Blood vessels in dermis

 Serve the usual function of tissue nourishment

 Body temperature
 In warm environment,increase blood flow and loss of
heat to air
 Stess situation also bring about vassoconstriction in the
dermis
 The formation of vit D from cholesterol when skin
exposed to sun light
 Rambut
-Primary Function is to warmth
-Hair covers most part of the
body other than palms,soles of
feet,lips and fewe other
structure
-Growth out of small pit called
the hair follicle and nourish by
dermalblood vessels
-Part
a. Root
Enclosed by hair follicle
b. Shaft
Above the surface
Hair structure
 Hair papilla
The base of hair bulb.
Connective tissue, nerves,
blood vessels
 Hair bulb
Swelling at the bottom of
follicle
 Hair follicles
Tubular invagination of
epidermis and dermis in
which hair root inside
 Arrector pili: involuntary
smooth muscle attached to
hair shaft
 Sebacious glands produce
oily mixture called sebum
to release into hair follicle
to help keep hair
soft,pliable and waterproof.
Infection can make acne.
Different pigments produce a variety
of colours
 -Eumelanin(brown,black)
 -Phenomelanin (red,yellow
 -Lack of pigment (albinism)
 Kuku
Derived from stratum corneum
Made up specialized epithelial cells
(hardened keratin plates) to protect
the ends of the fingers and toes.
Part : nail body,nail bed,nail root (at
stratum basale)

New cells grow under the half

moon at the base of the nail
(lunula) and then cells become
keratinized and move outward to
from the nail plate
The cuticle is dead cells pushed
outward from eponychium,which
provide additional protection the
nail
Skin exocrine glands
 Sweat gland (merocrine and
appocrine)
 Holocrine gland (sebaceous)
 Ceruminous glands
 Mammary glands
Sweat gland
 Merocrine/eccrine
Respond to environmental increases in
temperature and exercize-related body
heat-found in neck,forehead and back-
release watery sweat throught pores
(along with wastes)
 Apocrine
Become active at pubertyand respond to
emotional changes(fear,pain etc) –
found in nipples, armpits and
groin/pubic,anus-release sweat
throught hair follicle. Secretion is
thick,proteins and lipids leds to
bacterial growth that becomes smelly
on contact with skin
Sebaceous glands
 Secrete oily sebum into hair
follicle
 Lubricates hair and skin
 Relatively inactive during
childhood. Sex hormones at
puberty cause secretions to
increase significantly