Learning to Think

1. Rational, Sequential and Analytic

Thinking
2. Critical Thinking
3. Logical Thinking
4. Creative Thinking
5. Associative Thinking
6. Systemic Thinking
7. Integrative Thinking
Rational, Sequential & Analytic Thinking

 Rational – “Reason” hence

with proof
 Sequential – “Sequence”
hence orderly
 Analytic – “Analysis”
breaking down into parts
Rational, Sequential & Analytic Thinking
1. Classification & Categorization
Rational, Sequential & Analytic Thinking
1. Classification & Categorization
Venn Diagram
Venn Diagram
Rational, Sequential & Analytic Thinking
1. Classification & Categorization
2. Sequencing & Ordering
Flowchart
 The Basic Questions

Who What Where

 Who is causing the problem? • What will happen if this problem • Where does this problem occur?
is not solved? • Where does this problem have
 Who says this is a problem?
• What are the symptoms? an impact?
 Who are impacted by this
• What are the impacts? • Etc.
problem?
• Etc.
 Etc.

When Why How

• When does this problem occur? • Why is this problem occurring? • How should the process or
• When did this problem first start • Why? system work?
occurring? • Why? • How are people currently
• Etc. • Etc. handling the problem?
• Etc.

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Critical thinking - art of asking the right questions.
1. Determining the objectives
2. Possible approaches, strategies and options to reach
objectives
3. Significant variables or factors that affect the issues at hand
and the accomplishment of the objectives
4. Proof to justify or challenge the alternative strategies or
options (facts & figures, evidences, supporting premises, and
researches)
5. Causal relationships between each of the alternatives and
their impact on the objectives
6. Review the entire process and summarize the findings,
argumentations and conclusions
 Benchmarking
1. Hunt for Best Practices
2. Measure and Compare
other business such as:
 Competitors
 Related Industries
 Unrelated Industries
3. Apply Critical Thinking
4. Synthesize Ideas
5 information screening devices or data sifters
1. Magnitude – indicates where the trends,
patterns and cycles of client’s needs are.
2. Relevance – means that the strategy should
address its mission faithfully.
3. Importance – isolates the most critical
ingredients to achieve one’s mission.
4. Urgency – means immediacy of response,
especially in crisis situation.
5. Doability – refers to the capacity of an
organization to implement its devised
strategy
Logical Thinking
LOGIC
 Logic doesn't just deal with "thinking" in general.
Logic deals with "correct thinking."
 Training in logic should enable us to develop the skills
necessary to think correctly, that is, logically.
 A very simple definition would be:
“Logic is the subject which teaches you the rules for
correct and proper reasoning.”
 A more complete and "sophisticated" definition of logic, you
can define it this way:
“Logic is the science of those principles, laws, and
methods, which the mind of man in its thinking must
follow for the accurate and secure attainment of truth.”
Ishikawa Fishbone Diagram

Fishbone Diagram (a.k.a. Cause and Effect Diagram) is an

analysis tool that provides a systematic way of looking at effects
and the causes that create or contribute to those effects.
Cause Cause
Detail Detail

Result (Problem)

Detail Detail

Cause Cause

The value of the Fishbone Diagram is that it provides a method

for categorizing the many potential causes of problems or issues
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 Five Why’s
Five Why's refers to the practice of asking, five times,
why the problem exists in order to get to the root cause
of the problem

Employee
turnover
rate has Why? Why? Why? Why? Why?
been
increasing

Employees are Employees are not Employees feel Other employers Demand for such
leaving for other satisfied that they are are paying higher employees has
jobs underpaid salaries increased in the
market
Process of Making an Argument

Premises Facts
Claim to Prove

Conclusion
Deductive Reasoning
 Universal to Particular
 Reasoning from general tenets and premises
to specific conclusions.
 With deductive reasoning, there CAN be
certainty.
 Syllogisms follow this format:
 Major Premise (general truth about life/humans)
 Minor Premise (specific fact that falls under the
truth)
 Conclusion (a conclusion that can be drawn
about the specific fact based on the first
generalization)
Deductive Syllogism Examples
Correct Syllogism:
 Major Premise: All mammals are warm-blooded animals.
 Minor Premise: No lizards are warm-blooded animals.
 Conclusion: Therefore, no lizards are mammals.

Correct Syllogism:
 Major Premise: All humans are mortal.
 Minor Premise: All Greeks are human.
 Conclusion: Therefore, all Greeks are mortal.

Descartes’ Syllogism (correct)

 Major Premise: Existence has be true if one is thinking.
 Minor Premise: I am thinking.
 Conclusion: I think, therefore, I am.
Inductive Reasoning
 Particular to Universal
 Reasoning from sensory observation of specific
facts/evidence to general conclusion
 With inductive reasoning, there can NEVER be
certainty, because only ONE example can modify or
refute the conclusion.
 Based on an accumulation of many facts (one fact =
“x”):
 Observation of:
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Equals
General Statement about X’s in future
Inductive Reasoning Examples
 If I jump off the building, I will fall to the ground.
(More specifically: Every time something with weight
and mass is released from any height, it falls to the
ground. Therefore, all things fall to the ground (law of
gravity).
 Based on an evaluation and observation of multiple
studies of adolescents who value peers more than
parents, Judith Rich Harris concludes that peers
matter more than parents in this age group.
 Whenever it snows or rains, it will eventually stop
snowing or raining.
 So far all U.S. presidents have been male. Therefore,
the next U.S. president will be male.
Creative Thinking Techniques
Brainstorming
1. One idea at a time
2. Encourage wild ideas
3. Go for quantity over
quality
4. Build on others ideas
5. Defer Judgment
6. Merging & Sorting
Metaphoring
 Metaphoring
1. Specify the problem
2. Find a Metaphor that
symbolizes the problem
3. Solve the problem of the
Metaphor
4. Relate the solution of the
metaphor to the problem
5. Develop solution for the
problem
Associative Thinking
 Allow the
mind to
freely
associate
 Externalize
internal
mental
pictures into
drawings,
words,
symbols, etc.
Mindmapping
Mindmapping
Mindmapping
Systemic Thinking
 Gain deeper insights by surfacing the interaction patterns
that underly, drive and govern them
CREATION

Supplier of
Goods and
Raw
Services Materials

Bank or
any Financier

CASH

Owner or
Stockholder
PROCREATION

Other Materials /
Other Goods
& Services

CASH Labor Services

Land, Building,
Machinery, &
Equipment
(Fixed Assets)
MORE PROCREATION

Raw
Materials

Work-in-
Finished Goods
Labor Services Process
Inventory
Inventory

Fixed Assets
EXIT AND RE-ENTRY

Finished Goods

leave
Enterprise Customer
Cost of
Goods Sold
provides
Enterprise
Sales /
Revenue
PROFIT AND LOSS

Finished Goods
Cost of
Goods Sold

Customer
Operating
CASH Expenses

Non-Operating
Expenses

Sales /
Revenue
BACK TO CASH

CASH SALES

Accounts
Receivable
PAYBACK TIME

SUPPLIERS

pays

BANKS Another Production

pays CASH
and Sales Cycle

gives cash
OWNERS dividends
 FUNDS FLOW

Raw Work in
Materials Process

Suppliers Finished
Labor Goods

Cost of
CASH Goods Sold
Land,
Banks Buildings, &
Machinery
Operating
Expenses

Owners
Non-Operating
Accounts Expenses
Receivable

Sales Customers
Buyer Decision Making Process
Integrative Thinking
 The ability to put multiple dimensions of a broad issue
together into a coherent and comprehensive whole.
M Market
Segment 1
A
R Market
Segment 2
K
E Market
Segment 3
T
 CUSTOMERS

similar needs similar wants

Behavior: What he does ?

User

Decision
Maker

Buyer Adviser
Psychographics: Why he does it?

 Attitudes towards
products and brands
 Core Values
 Aspirations
 Personality
Demographics: Who he is?

 Age
 Gender
 Socialclass
 Occupation
 Reference Group
Geographics: Where he is?

 Residence
 Work
 Relax
 Shop
 Use
Behavior: What he does ?

User

Decision
Maker

Buyer Adviser
Segmentation
Demographic

Geographic Behavior

Psychographic