Amity School of Business

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Module II

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SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR
EQUATIONS WITH TWO
UNKNOWNS

A linear equation with two unknowns is given by

ax + by + c = 0

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Methods to solve linear equations

1. Substitution method:
E.g., Solve 7x – 15y = 2
x + 2y = 3
Step I, We pick either of the equation and write
one variable in terms of other
Let us consider 2nd equation
x + 2y = 3
therefore x = 3 – 2y
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Step II, Substitute the value of x in 1st equation

7(3 – 2y) – 15y =2
21 – 14y -15 y = 2
29y =19
y = 19/29

Step III, Substitute y = 19/29 in any of the

equations we get,
x = 49/29

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2. Elimination method:
This is done by making the coefficient of either

x or y same
E.g., Solve 7x – 15y = 2
x + 2y = 3
3. Cross multiplication method:

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If the two equations are :

a1 x  b1 y  c1  0
a2 x  b2 y  c2  0
b1c2  b2 c1
Then, x 
a1b2  a2b1
c1a2  c2 a1
and y
a1b2  a2b1
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Questions (Substitution method)

Solve:
(i) x + y = 14 and x – y = 4
(ii) s – t =3 and s/3 + t/2 = 6
(iii) 3x/2 – 5y/3 = -2 and x/3 + y/2 13/6
(iv) Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x – 4y = -24

and hence find the value of m for which

y = mx + 3
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Questions (Elimination method)

Solve:
(i) x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4
(ii) 3x + 4y = 2 and 2x – 2y =2
(iii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7
(iv) x/2 + 2y/3 = -1 and x – y/3 = 3

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Questions (Cross multiplication

method)
Solve:
(i) x – 3y – 3 = 0 and 3x – 9y – 2 = 0
(ii) 2x + y = 5 and 3x + 2y = 8
(iii) 3x – 5y = 20 and 6x – 10y = 40
(iv) x – 3y – 7 = 0 and 3x – 3y = 15

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Q) The difference between two numbers is 26 and one

number is 3 times the other. Find them?
Q) The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls
for Rs. 3800. Later he buys 3 bats and 5 balls for Rs.

Q) 1750. Find becomes

A fraction the cost of eachif ball
9/11, 2 is and each
added to bat.
both the
numerator and denominator. If 3 is added to both the
numerator and the denominator it becomes 5/6. Find
the fraction.
Q) Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three
times that of his son. Five years ago, Jacob’s age was
7 times that of his son. What are their present ages?
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Quadratic Equation
• In mathematics a quadratic equation is a
polynomial equation of the second degree. The
general form is
ax  bx  c  0
2

where, x represents a variable and a, b, c

represents constants with a≠0.
• The constants a, b, c are called respectively the
quadratic coefficient, the linear coefficient and
the constant term
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Algebraic Solutions
1. Method of factorization:

This method is used where quadratic equation can

be easily resolved into linear factors
For example:
4x2 =25

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Solve 4 x  25
2

We can write the above eq n as

( 2 x ) 2  (5) 2  0
( 2 x  5) ( 2 x  5)  0
either ( 2 x  5)  0 or ( 2 x  5)  0
5 5
 x or x
2 2

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Example:
x2  6x  8  0
We can solve the above quadratic eq n by
splitting the middle term.
 x  4x  2x  8  0
2

x ( x  4)  2( x  4)  0
( x  2) ( x  4)  0
 x  2 or x  4

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2. Method of Complete square:

Let the general quadratic eq n be ax 2  bx  c  0
Dividing the eq n by a we get ,
b c
x  x 0
2

a a
b
Now half the coefficien t of x is and its square
2a
b2
is 2
.
4a
Now adding and substracti ng this factor we can
make a complete square .
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Solve the quadratic equation:

3x2 – 14x + 8 = 0

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3 x 2  14 x  8  0
Dividing both sides by 3, we get
14 8
x2  x 0
3 3
Now we add & substract , the square of half the
coefficient of x to make the L.H .S a perfect square.
49
Adding to both sides, we get
9
14 49 49 8
x x   0
3 9 9 3
2
 7 25
x  
 3 9
7 5
x   
3 3
7 5
x  
3 3
2
x  4 or x 
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Roots of quadratic equations:

The general quadratic equation is :
ax 2  bx  c  0
The two roots of the quadratic equation are given by :
b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
x and
2a 2a
where, the exp ression b 2  4ac is called discri min ant of the equation
and is denoted by D.
So, the roots of the quadratic equation are :
b  D b  D
x and
2a 2a
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Sum and Product of the roots of quadratic equations:

Let,
Let  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation
ax 2  bx  c  0.
Sum of the roots are :
 b  coefficient of x
    sum of the roots  
a coefficient of x 2
c cons tan t term
  product of the roots  
a coefficient of x 2

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Nature of the Roots

Since the roots of the quadratic equation are
given by:
 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac
x and
2a 2a

The nature of the roots depends on the numerical

value of b 2  4ac
We obtain the following results:

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If D>0, both the roots are unequal

If D=0, both the roots are real and equal

If D<0, then both the roots are complex

and unequal

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QUESTIONS
Solve the following equations:
1 x7 4x  2
1) 6  
3 3 5
3 5 8
2)  
x2 x6 x3
x 1 2( x  1)
3) 4 x   x 3
3 5
ax 2a  x 3a  x
4)  
a 2a 3a
x  bc x  ca x  ab
5)    abc
bc ca ab
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Solve the following equations:

1) 25 x 2  16
x x3
2) 
x2 5( x  11)
2( 45  2 x 2 ) 3( x 2  9)
3)  7
x 9
2
x 3
2

4) 3 x 2  14 x  11  0
5) x 2  ( p  q ) x  pq  0
x 3 10
6)  
3 x 3
x a a b
7)   
a x b a
8) x 2  2 3 x  1  0
9) x 2  ( 3  3) x  ( 3  2)  0 23
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Solve the following equations:

1) 1  5 x  1  3x  2
2) 3x  10  9 x  7  9

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Questions
1) If  ,  are the roots of 2 x 2  3 x  7  0, find the values of
(i )  2   2
(ii )  3   3
(iii )  4   4
2) If  ,  are the roots of x 2  2 x  3  0, form the quadratic equation
whose roots are :
 
(i )   3,   3 (ii ) 2  3 ,3  2  (iii ) , and
 
 1  1
(iv ) ,
 1  1
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Questions on nature of roots

Find k ,if
1.The roots of 2x2 +3x+k = 0 are equal
2.One of the roots of equation x2 -6x+k = 0 is
(3 + i√2)
3.One of the roots of equation x2 -4x-k = 0 is
2(1 + √3)
4.One of the roots of equation x2 -6x+k = 0 is
double the other

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Inequality with graphs

Two real numbers or two algebraic expressions related by
the symbol ‘<‘ , ‘>’ , ‘ ≤ ’ ‘ ≥ ’ form an inequality.

3  5 , 7  2 are examples of numerical inequalities.

x  5 , y  7 , x  2 , y  1 are examples of literal inequalities.
3  5  7 or 3  x  7 are examples of double inequalities.
Some more examples are :
ax  b  0 ( Strict & linear inequality in one var iable)
ax  b  0 ( Slack & linear inequality in one var)
ax  by  c ( Strict & linear inequality in two var iable)
ax  by  c ( Slack & linear inequality in two var)
ax 2  bx  c  0 ( Strict & quadratic inequality in one var)
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QUESTIONS
1.Solve 24x < 100, when
(i) x is a natural number (ii) x is an integer

2. Solve -12x > 30, when

(i) x is a natural number (ii) x is an integer

3. Solve 5x-3 < 7, when

(i) x is an integer (ii) x is a real number

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4. Solve 3x+8 > 2, when

(i) x is an integer (ii) x is a real number

5. Solve the inequality for real x,

4x+3 < 6x+7

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Solve Graphically:
1. x + y < 5
2. 2x + y ≥ 6
3. 3x + 4y ≤ 12
4. 5x + 4y ≤ 40
x ≥2, y ≥ 3
5. 8x + 3y ≤ 100
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
6 x + 2y ≤ 8
2x + y ≤ 8
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
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Solve Graphically:
1. x + y < 5
2. 2x + y ≥ 6
3. 3x + 4y ≤ 12
4. 5x + 4y ≤ 40
x ≥2, y ≥ 3
5. 8x + 3y ≤ 100
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
6 x + 2y ≤ 8
2x + y ≤ 8
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
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Rules Of Indices
Rule 1 : Multiplication of Indices

anxa m
= a n+m

Rule 2 : Division of Indices

a n a m
= a n-m

Rule 3 : For negative indices:.

1
a -m  m
a
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Rule 4 : For Powers Of Index Numbers.

( am ) n = a mn

Rule 5 : For indices which are fractions.

1
a na
n (The nth root of “a” )

Rule 6 : For indices which are fractions.

m
m (The nth root of “a” to
a  ( a ) the power of m)
n n

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Simplify:
a 3 a
Solution
a 3 a
1 1
 a a
2 3

5
a 6

 ( 6 a )5
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Simplify:
( 3 a )4  ( 5 a )3
Solution:

( 3 a )4  ( 5 a ) 3
4 3
 a a3 5

29
a 15

15
 ( a) 29
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Simplify:
g 3 g
Solution:
g 3 g
1 1
 g g
2 3

1
g 6

6 g
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Multiplication & Division

Simplify:
a a
( 3 a )2
Solution :
a a
( 3 a )2
1
aa 2
 2
a 3

5
a 6  ( a)
6 5
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Power To The Power

Simplify: 2
(4a )
3

Solution:
2
(4a ) 3

2 1
 (4a )3 2

1 2 1 1
 (4 )  (a )
2 3 2
 2a 3

 23 a 38
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QUESTIONS
Simplify the expressions below :

3 4 a  43 a 10 ( a ) 3  5 (3 a )

6
 12( a )
12 7  2( a )7

3 a  4 ( 3 a )2
2a 2  64 a
3
27( 4 a ) 3

1
 34 a
12
a 13 39
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Logarithms
The logarithm of a number to a given base is the
index or the power to which the base must be
raised to produce the number, i.e. to make it
equal to the given number.

i.e., the logarithm of n to the base ‘a’ is x.

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If there are three quantities indicated by a, n and

x, they are related as follows:
a n
x

Then x is said to be the logarithm of the number

n to the base ‘a’.
Symbolically, it can be expressed as follows:

log a n  x
i.e., the logarithm of n to the base ‘a’ is x 41
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We give some illustrati ons below :

(i ) 2 4  16  log 2 16  4
i.e the log arithm of 16 to the base 2 is equal to 4.
(ii )103  1000  log10 1000  3
i.e the log arithm of 1000 to the base 10 is equal to 3.
3 1 1
(iii ) 5   log 5  3
125 125
1
i.e the log arithm of to the base 5 is  3.
125
(iv ) 23  8  log 2 8  3
i.e the log arithm of 8 to the base 2 is equal to 3.
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Important Results

• The logarithm of 1 to any base is zero. This is

because any number raised to the power zero is

one
• The logarithm of any quantity to the same base
is unity. This is because any raised to the power

1 is that quantity only

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• There are a few restrictions on the base:

It should not be taken as 0 or 1 because a zero

raised to any power is meaningless and 1 raised
to any power is one only. Nor the base can be a
negative number otherwise certain values will
become imaginary

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Illustrations :
1
1) If log a 2  , find the value of a.
6
1
We have a 6
 2  a  ( 2 ) 6  23  8.

2) Find the log arithm of 5832 to the base 3 2 .

Let us take log 3 2
5832  x
(3 2 ) x  5832  8  729  23  36  ( 2 ) 6  (3) 6  (3 2 ) 6
Hence, x  6.

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Laws of operations
1) Logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the sum of the
log arithms of the numbers to the same base, i.e,
log a mn  log a m  log a n

2) Logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the difference of the

log arithms of the numbers to the same base, i.e,
m
log a  log a m  log a n
n

3) Logarithm of a number raised to a power is equal to the index of the power

multiplied by the log arithm of the number to the same base, i.e
log a m n  n log a m
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Remarks:
• The logarithm of a number to the base ‘e’
(e=2.718 approx) is called ‘Natural logarithm’

• The logarithm of a number to the base 10 is

called ‘Common logarithm’

• In theoretical calculations the base e is used

whereas for numerical calculations the base 10
is most convenient
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• When no base is mentioned, it is understood to be

10, i.e., by the word logarithm we generally means
Common logarithm

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