Ethical Issues in Conducting

SIP
Research Ethics

• Involves the application of ethical

principles to a variety of topics involving
research esp scientific research
• These include the design and
implementation of research involving
human & animal experimentation, various
aspects of scientific misconduct (fraud,
falsification, fabrication of data)

Resnick, D. B. (2015)
• Ethics in research are very important
when you're going to conduct an
experiment.

• Ethics should be applied on all stages of

research, such as planning, conducting
and evaluating a research project.

• The first thing to do before designing a

study is to consider the potential cost and
benefits of the research.
Importance of Research Ethics
 Areas of Research Ethics
1. Honesty and Integrity
This means that you need to report your
research honestly, and that this applies to your
methods (what you did), your data, your results,
and whether you have previously published any of
it. You should not make up any data, including
extrapolating unreasonably from some of your
results, or do anything which could be construed as
trying to mislead anyone. It is better to undersell
than over-exaggerate your findings.
Source: Resnick, D. B. (2015) What is Ethics in Research and Why is it Important?
Falsification
• manipulating research materials, equipment, or
processes or changing or omitting data or results
such that the research is not accurately
represented in the research record. In science, it
is defined as publishing or reporting misleading
facts associated with a study, research or
experimentation.

Fabrication
• is making up results and recording or reporting
them. It is literally making up data.
 Areas of Research Ethics
2. Objectivity
You should aim to avoid bias in any aspect of
your research, including design, data analysis,
interpretation, and peer review. For example, you
should never recommend as a peer reviewer
someone you know, or who you have worked with,
and you should try to ensure that no groups are
inadvertently excluded from your research. This
also means that you need to disclose any personal
or financial interests that may affect your
research.
Source: Resnick, D. B. (2015) What is Ethics in Research and Why is it Important?
 Areas of Research Ethics

3. Carefulness
Take care in carrying out your research to
avoid careless mistakes. You should also review
your work carefully and critically to ensure that
your results are credible. It is also important to
keep full records of your research. If you are
asked to act as a peer reviewer, you should take
the time to do the job effectively and fully.
 Areas of Research Ethics

4. Openness
You should always be prepared to share your
data and results, along with any new tools that
you have developed, when you publish your
findings, as this helps to further knowledge and
advance science. You should also be open to
criticism and new ideas.
Areas of Research Ethics
5. Respect for Intellectual Property
You should never plagiarize, or copy, other
people’s work and try to pass it off as your own.
You should always ask for permission before using
other people’s tools or methods, unpublished data
or results. Not doing so is plagiarism. Obviously,
you need to respect copyrights and patents,
together with other forms of intellectual
property, and always acknowledge contributions
to your research. If in doubt, acknowledge, to
avoid any risk of plagiarism.
Areas of Research Ethics

6. Confidentiality
You should respect anything that has been
provided in confidence. You should also follow
guidelines on protection of sensitive information
such as patient records.
Social Science & Behavioral Research

• Privacy
• Confidentiality
• Linking behavior
with medical
procedure
Areas of Research Ethics

• Legality
You should always be aware of laws and
regulations that govern your work, and be sure
that you conform to them.
 INTEL ISEF RULES & GUIDELINES

The purpose of these rules is to:

• protect the rights and welfare of the student
researcher
• protect the rights and welfare of human participants
• protect the health and welfare of vertebrate animal
subjects
• ensure adherence to federal regulations
• ensure use of safe laboratory practices
• protect the environment
• determine eligibility for competition in the Intel ISEF
Areas of Research Ethics

7. Animal Care
If you are using animals in your research,
you should always be sure that your
experiments are both necessary and well-
designed. You should also show respect for the
animals you are using, and make sure that they
are properly cared for.
 Vertebrate Animals Rules

• to protect the welfare of both animal subjects

and the student researcher.

• Health and well-being is of high priority when

students conduct research with animal
subjects.
 Vertebrate Animals Rules

• strongly endorses the use of non-animal

research methods and encourages students to
use alternatives to animal research.
• Alternatives to the use of vertebrate animals
for research must be explored and discussed
in the research plan.
• If the use of vertebrate animals is necessary,
students must consider additional alternatives
to reduce and refine the use of animals.
The guiding principles for the use of animals in
research include the following “Four Rs”

a. Replace vertebrate animals with

invertebrates, lower life forms, tissue/cell
cultures and/or computer simulations where
possible.
b. Reduce the number of animals without
compromising statistical validity.
c. Refine the experimental protocol to
minimize pain or distress to the animals.
d. Respect animals and their contribution to
research.
Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committee (IACUC)

• All vertebrate animal studies must be

reviewed and approved before
experimentation begins.

• Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee,

IACUC is the institutional animal oversight
review and approval body for all animal
studies at a Regulated Research Institution
All vertebrate animal studies must
have a research plan that includes:

(a) Justification why animals must be used

- including the reasons for the choice of
species, the source of animals and the number
of animals to be used; description, explanation,
or identification of alternatives to animal use
that were considered, and the reasons these
alternatives were unacceptable; explanation of
the potential impact or contribution this
research may have on the broad fields of
biology or medicine.
All vertebrate animal studies must
have a research plan that includes:

(b) Description of how the animals will be used.

• - Include methods and procedures, such as
experimental design and data analysis;
description of the procedures that will
minimize the potential for discomfort,
distress, pain and injury to the animals during
the course of experimentation; identification
of the species, strain, sex, age, weight, source
and number of animals proposed for use.
Studies involving behavioral observations of
animals are exempt from prior SRC review if
ALL of the following apply:

(a) There is no interaction with the animals

being observed,

(b) There is no manipulation of the animal

environment in any way, and

(c) The study meets all federal and state

agriculture, fish, game and wildlife laws
and regulations.
 Animal Care & Use
• Research projects which cause more than
momentary or slight pain or distress are
prohibited.
• All animals must be monitored for signs of
distress.
• Because significant weight loss is one sign of
stress, the maximum permissible weight loss or
growth retardation (compared to controls) of
any experimental or control animal is 15%.
• If the illness or distress is caused by the study,
the experiment must be terminated
immediately.
Animal Care & Use: Prohibited Studies

(a) Induced toxicity studies with known toxic

substances that could cause pain, distress or
death, including but not limited to alcohol, acid
rain, pesticides, or heavy metals.
(b) Behavioral experiments using conditioning
with aversive stimuli, mother/infant separation or
induced helplessness.
(c) Studies of pain.
(d) Predator/vertebrate prey experiments
 Animal Care & Use

• Euthanasia for tissue removal and/or

pathological analysis is not permitted for a
project conducted in a school/home/field
site.
• Livestock or fish raised for food using
standard agricultural/aquacultural
production practices may be euthanized by a
qualified adult for carcass evaluation
• Animals must be treated kindly and cared for
properly.
• Animals must be housed in a clean, ventilated,
comfortable environment appropriate for the
species.
• They must be given a continuous, clean water
and food supply.
• Cages, pens and fish tanks must be cleaned
frequently.
• Proper care must be provided at all times,
including weekends, holidays, and vacation
periods.
• Animals must be observed daily to assess their
health and well-being.
 Areas of Research Ethics
8. Human Subjects Protection
If your research involves people, you should
make sure that you reduce any possible harm to the
minimum, and maximize the benefits both to
participants and other people.
This means, for example, that you should not
expose people to more tests than are strictly
necessary to fulfil your research aims. You should
always respect human rights, including the right to
privacy and autonomy. You may need to take
particular care with vulnerable groups, which
include, but are not limited to, children, older
people, and those with learning difficulties.
The Institutional Review Board (IRB)

• An IRB is responsible for assessing risk and

documenting the determination of risk level on
Human Participant
• in reviewing projects just prior to a fair, if the SRC
serving at that level of competition judges an
IRB’s decision as inappropriate, thereby placing
human participants in jeopardy, they may override
the IRB’s decision and the project may fail to
qualify for competition.
The Institutional Review Board (IRB)

• protect the human research participant and the

student researcher.
• research with humans, the rights and welfare of
the participants must be protected.
• Most human participant studies require
preapproval from an Institutional Review Board
(IRB)/Human Subjects Participant Program (HSPP)
and informed consent/assent from the research
participant.
The Institutional Review Board (IRB)

• is a committee
• must evaluate the potential physical and/or
psychological risk of research involving
humans.
• All proposed human research must be
reviewed and approved by an IRB before
experimentation begins.
• This includes review of any surveys or
questionnaires to be used in a project.
 In research using human subjects, several
categories of persons maybe involved:
 Normal healthy adults, including the investigator,
and elderly persons
 Sick adults, including the acutely and terminally ill
 People living in highly controlled situations, such as,
prisoners, soldiers, and students
 Children, both healthy and ill
 Mentally incompetent persons, whether adults or
children
 Unborn fetuses or still living aborted fetuses
NUREMBERG CODE: Informed
Consent

 The voluntary consent of the human subject is

absolutely essential.
 This means that the person involved should have
legal capacity to give consent;
 Should be . . . able to exercise free power of
choice, without the intervention of any element
of force, fraud, deceit, duress, . . . or coercion;
 Should have sufficient knowledge and
comprehension . .
 Unethical Research

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

- is an example of a study which seriously
violated these standards.
• Subjects:
399 black men in the
late stages of syphilis
• illiterate
• share croppers
• from one of the
poorest counties in
Alabama (Tuskegee)
 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
How had these men been induced to
endure a fatal disease in the name of
science?

• They were never told what disease they

were suffering from or of its seriousness.
• Informed that they were being treated for
“bad blood” their doctors had no intention
of curing them of syphilis at all.
• “the longest nontherapeutic experiment on
human beings in medical history.”
 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Unethical Study
There are 6 main points which are regarded
as highly unethical in the study:

1) There was no informed consent.

2) The participants were not informed of all
the known dangers.
3) The participants had to agree to an
autopsy after their death, in order to have
their funeral costs covered.
4) Scientists denied treatment to some
patients, in order to observe the individual
dangers and fatal progression of the
disease.
 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

5) Participants were not given the cure, even

when it was widely known and easily
available.
6) The designers used a misleading
advertisement:
The researchers advertised for participants
with the slogan:
"Last Chance for Special Free Treatment".
The subjects were NOT given a treatment,
instead being recruited for a very risky spinal
tap-diagnostic.
 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A Heavy Price in the Name of Bad Science

By the end of the study

• 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis

• 100 were dead of related complications
• 40 of their wives had been infected
• 19 of their children had been born with
congenital syphilis
 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
“The United States government
did something that was wrong
— deeply, profoundly, morally
wrong.
It was an outrage to our
commitment to integrity and
equality for all our citizens. . .
. clearly racist”.

- President Clinton's apology for

the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
to the eight remaining survivors,
May 16, 1997
The Tuskegee Syphilis
Experiment http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0762136.ht
ml#ixzz3Tae9PIAM
Areas of Research Ethics

9. Responsible Publication
You should publish to advance to state of
research and knowledge, and not just to
advance your career. This means, in essence,
that you should not publish anything that is
not new, or that duplicates someone else’s
work.
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
Top Award s

• Amber Yang, Ivo Zell, and Valerio Pagliarino won the top
awards at the Intel ISEF 2017.

PHOTO COURTESY OF SOCIETY FOR SCIENCE & THE PUBLIC/CHRIS AYERS PHOTOGRAPHY.
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
Top Award s

Gordon E. Moore Award

Gordon E. Moore Award $75,000

ENMC003 - A Wing Is Enough: An Improved

Flying Wing Based on a Bell-Shaped Lift
Distribution

Ivo Zell
Internatsschule Schloss Hansenberg,
Hessen, Germany
.
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
Top Award s

Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award

Young Scientist Award of $50,000
• F PHYS021 - Multi-Orbit Space Debris
Cloud Tracking Using Iterative Closest
Points Registration with Machine Learning

Amber Yang
Trinity Preparatory School, FL, United
States of America

• EBED031 - LaserWAN - Laser Broadband

Internet Connections

Valerio Pagliarino
I.I.S. Nicola Pellati, Asti, Italy
.
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
Dudley R. Herschbach Stockholm International Youth Science
Seminar Award
The SIYSS is a multi-disciplinary seminar highlighting some of the
most remarkable achievements by young scientists from around
the world.

• BCHM005 – The Role of RAD51 Mutation in Cancer Development

Karina Movsesian
Prvni Ceske Gymnazium, Karlovych Varech, Czech
Republic

• CBIO025 - DNALoopR: A Novel High-Performance Machine

Learning Predictor to Identify Genome-Wide 3D DNA
Interactions in Cancer
Prathik Naidu
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and
Technology, VA, United States of America

• TMED058 - Ameliorating Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation in

Parkinson's Using Optimized Chaperones: An in silico Approach
Jeremiah Pate
BASIS Oro Valley, AZ, United States of America
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award
Trip to the EU Contest.

• EGCH018 - A Paper-Based Microbial Fuel Cell for Glucose

Monitoring in Saliva
Kendra Zhang
Jericho High School, NY, United States of America

• MATS050 - Cellulose Nanocrystals for Security Applications:

Embedding Non-Optical Signatures Provided by Nanoparticles
into Cellulose Nanocrystal Chiral Nematic Films
Nicky Wojtania
Plano West Senior High School, TX, United States of
America
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
Philip V. Streich Memorial Award to the London International Youth
Science Forum

Philip V. Streich was an alumnus of the Intel International Science and

Engineering Fair in 2007, earning an Intel Foundation Young Scientist
Award, and in 2008; and he was selected as a Finalist, and earned
third place at the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search, both programs of
the Society for Science & the Public. The London International Youth
Science Forum offers a unique opportunity to participate in an
international event attracting science students from around the
world.

• BMED035 - Cytosine to Thymine: Unveiling Cancer's Achilles Heel via a

Genome-wide Discovery of CpG Methylation Signatures
Daniel Zhang
Westview High School, CA, United States of America

• ENEV074 - Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos and Soil Remediation Using

Native Soil Bacteria and Triton X-A Novel Approach
Prashaant Ranganathan
Carmel Junior College, Jharkhand, India
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award
The Intel Foundation believes that cultural experiences can help shape and strengthen
scientific research. The Intel Foundation has partnered with the China Adolescents for
Science and Technology Organization to award an 11-day trip to the Chinese cities of Beijing,
Chengdu and Hong Kong. The winners will attend the China Adolescent Science and
Technology Innovation Contest, the largest national science competition in China.

• ROBO001 - Drone Defense System: Detection, Tracking, Classification and Targeting of

Flight Objects in 3D and Real Time
Tassilo Schwarz, Johannes-Heidenhain-Gymnasium Traunreut, Bayern,
Germany

• MATH048 - The Homotopy Theory of Parametrized Objects

Karthik Yegnesh, Methacton High School, PA, United States of America

• BEHA060 - A Novel, Telemedicine Diagnosing and Monitoring Tool for Parkinson's Disease:
The Use of Digital Action Unit Biomarkers Generated by Spontaneous and Posed Facial
Expressions
Erin Smith, Shawnee Mission West High School, KS, United States of America

• EGPH001 - Thermoelectric Generator Powered Tracking Concentrated Photovoltaic System

Camille Miles, Niceville High School, FL, United States of America

• SOFT042 - MFT: Improving Convolutional Object Tracking with Feed Separated Learning
Michael Lee, Manhasset High School, NY, United States of America
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
Intel-Indo U.S. Science and Technology Forum Scientific and Cultural Visit to
India Award
In partnership with the Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Forum, Intel is pleased
to award a scientific and cultural exchange visit to India. Winners will showcase
their research projects at the National Fair of India – Initiative in Research and
Innovation in Science (IRIS). In addition to the participation at IRIS, the students
will receive an opportunity to visit research institutions and universities and
interact with the key scientific leadership in India.

• MCRO029 - An Early Warning System for Zika Virus in Mosquito Populations

Based on Real-Time Field Detection of Viral RNA in Mosquito Saliva
Rahul Subramaniam, Greenwich High School, CT, United States of
America

• CHEM062 - Discovery and Characterization of an Undocumented Ferric Sulfate

Compound Formed by the Reaction of Gold Ore with Sulfuric Acid
Kyle Fridberg, Fairview High School, CO, United States of America

• ENBM046 - Investigating Tuned Magneto-Rheological Reservoirs, Compression

Systems, and Shear Thickening Fluids to Improve Mean Peak Acceleration as
Measured by High-G Accelerometers in Hockey Headgear
Clara Wagner, Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, MI, United States of
America
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
ANIMAL SCIENCES
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000

• ANIM028 - Synthesis of a Soy Protein Hydrogel for Invasive Snail Control in Agricultural Settings
Jessica Young, Palm Beach Central High School, FL
United States of America

Other Awards
• ANIM049 - Sustainable Mosquito Control: A Chemical-Free, Low-Cost Approach to Controlling
Aedes aegypti, a Vector of Zika Virus
Shantanu Jakhete, South Fork High School, FL,
United States of America
• ANIM040 - Red and Blue Silk Threads Obtained from Silkworms Reared on Artificial Diets
Containing Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue
Nodoka Fukumitsu, Shimane Prefectural Masuda High School
Shimane, Japan
• ANIM014 - Re-Evaluating Reproduction: The Transgenerational Effect of High-Fat Dairy Intake on
Fertility in Drosophila melanogaster
Evan Mizerak, Wachusett Regional High School, MA
United States of America
• ANIM048T - The Potential Use of Natural Essential Oils in Prevention from Ticks of Dermacentor
and Haemaphysalis Genus
Samuel Smoter, Grammar School of St. Nicholas, Prešovský, Slovakia
Miriam Feretova, Grammar School of St. Nicholas, Prešovský, Slovakia
 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards
BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000

• BEHA060 - A Novel, Telemedicine Diagnosing and Monitoring Tool for Parkinson's Disease: The Use
of Digital Action Unit Biomarkers Generated by Spontaneous and Posed Facial Expressions
Erin Smith, Shawnee Mission West High School, KS
United States of America

Other Awards
• BEHA032 - The Dynamics of Habituation: A Neural Study of the Effects of Repeated Exposures to
Risky Behaviors on Cognitive Control and Emotional Responses in the Adolescent Brain
Kashfia Rahman, Brookings High School, SD
United States of America

• BEHA019 - Maternal Behavior Contributing to Early Life Adversity and the Subsequent Neural and
Behavioral Effects on Rat Pups
Hannah Brown, Dobbs Ferry High School, NY, United States of America

• BEHA025 - Lucid Dreaming: Its Electrophysiological Correlates and Induction through Multiple
Awakenings
DeeAnn Guo, John Jay High School, NY, United States of America

• BEHA062T - Compassion Fade and the Limitations of Student Subjects in Social Science Research
Alexander Sun, Hillcrest High School, UT, United States of America
Emma Sun, The Waterford School, UT, United States of America
 2 Filipino student scientists bag grand
prizes in 2017 Intel ISEF Grand Awards

Miguel Arnold Reyes of Philippine Science High School-

Main Campus and Angeli Joyce Yap Dy of Capiz National
High School, both 16, were among the list of award
recipients announced at the end of the ISEF
competitions, with their science research projects
emerging as one of the best in a field of 1,500 other
entries from their foreign counterparts.

• Miguel Arnold Reyes

Philippine Science High School-Main Campus
- received a Second Place Grand Award in the field of
Materials and Bioengineering and $1,500 for his
investigation of naturally occurring elements as
substitutes for commercial film plastics.

• Angeli Joyce Yap Dy

Capiz National High School
- received a Fourth Place Grand Award in Biochemistry
and $500 for her investigation of milkfish serum as a
cheaper alternative supplement for the culture of
human lung and colon carcinomas cells instead of the
expensive but commonly used medium, fetal bovine
serum.
The Young
Filipinos
Scientists
The Actual Interview
The WINNER’S EDGE is not
a gifted birth
a high IQ
or in talent.
The winner’s edge is ALL in the ATTITUDE,
not aptitude.
But you can’t buy an attitude for a million
dollars.
Attitudes are not for sale.
-Denis Waitley
Salamat po