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Machine Design - 1
By
Prof Dr Eng \ Abdelhay M. Abdelhay
1
Chapter 2
Design
Of
Shafts
2
What is a Shaft ?
3
A shaft is a rotating member
which transmits power
( i.e. Torques)
from one point to another
Through
gears, pulleys,
cams and clutches
and
is usually supported and mounted in
bearings. 4
Examples of Shafts
5
Examples of Shafts
6
Examples of Shafts
(Through Belts,pulleys, gears)
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Different Types of Shafts
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Shafts are Cylindrical in
shape.
Sometimes, however, these
may be Square in section or
Hollow cylindrical.
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A Spindle is a short revolving
shaft which imparts motion to some
part of a machine.
Example: Drill press spindle and
lathe spindles
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An Axle is a member resembling
shaft but it is short in length
and it does not necessarily rotate.
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Manufacturing of Shafts
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(a) Shafts up to 75 mm diameter are normal
made from cold rolled stock.
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Standard Size of Shafts
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Shafts are Cylindrical in
shape.
Sometimes, however, these
may be Square in section or
Hollow cylindrical.
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Standard Size of Shafts
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The maximum length of a single shaft will
not exceed 7 meters because of the
difficulty of Transportation and handling.
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The most common SIZES
of transmission shaftings
normally manufactured and
stocked Are Listed in
Table 2-1
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Design of
Shafts
Determine the Shape (solid Vs Hollow),Size,
Material, Load carrying Capacity, and FS
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Shaft Loads
•Shafts subjected to twisting moment or torque (T) only
•Shafts subjected to bending moment (M) only
•Shafts subjected to combined twisting and bending moments (T and M),
•Shafts subjected to axial loads (Fa) and combined (T and M).
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Only, Shaft Design
For
Strength is considered
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(a) Shaft’s Force
and Stress
Analyses
23
Shaft Loads
Torsional Loads
&
Stresses
T r
max
T r 16 T
J
J d3
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How the Torque T
is defined ?
25
Shaft Loads
Bending Moment
Diagrams
&
Stresses
M r
max
M r 32 M
I
I d3
26
How the Bending Moment M
is defined ?
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Be careful
If Transverse loads
are acting in
DIFFERENT Planes
28
Resolve Acting Forces in TWO
Perpendicular Planes
( Say, Vertical Plane and Horizontal
Plane)
29
Determine their Resultant at
different critical Locations by:
M M M 2
xy
2
xz
Determine: Mmax
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(b) Shaft’s Failure
Theories
•Maximum Normal Stress Theory ( Rankine’s theory).
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It is Recommended to use the
following guidelines for
allowable Strengths:
34
The principal induced is Normal stress,
which is given - as before as,
35
(2) Shafts Under
Bending Load ( only)
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The principal induced is shear stress,
which is given - as before as,
T .rmax
max
J all
Or for Solid Shaft:
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(3) Shafts Under
Combined Bending (M)
and Torsional (T) Loads
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How to Combine M and T
under Steady Loads ???
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(i) Maximum Normal stress
theory (or Rankine theory)
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M .ymax
max e S
I all
Me ( the Equivalent Bending moment)
is calculated as:
1 2
M ( M M T2 )
e 2
Or
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(ii) Maximum SHEAR stress
theory (or Guest’s theory),
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T . rmax
max e S
J s all
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(iii) Maximum Distorsion
Energy theory
(or Hencky and Von Mises theory)
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Me ( the Equivalent Bending moment)
is calculated as:
If σx ≠ 0 and σy = 0
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(iv) The ASME Code for
Transmission Shaft Design
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has
worked out a special procedure for design of
transmission shafts.
on the assumption that both Torsional and bending
loads are present.
This code is based on the maximum shear stress
theory of failure-
46
T . rmax
max e S
J s all
Te ( the Equivalent Torque) is taking into
account The Shock and Fatigue
factors Km, and Kt respectively,
(See Table 2-2), Te calculated as:
2
T ( Km . M ) ( Kt . T ) 2
e
Or
47
48
For commercial shafting,
the ASME – code
ALSO, recommend the following
typical values for
design working stresses:
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Shaft Design Procedure
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Examples of Shafts
Shaft shown drives a gear set that is
transmitting 4.8 KW at 1750 rpm.
• Shaft is supported in self-aligning ball
bearings and gears of 20° spur gears.
Determine the torsional and bending
stresses in shaft, then Determine the Shaft
size.
d
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840
Let Learning
Continue
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