Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Jennifer Rexford
Teaching Assistant: Ioannis Avramopoulos
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spring07/cos461/
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`oals of Today¶s Lecture
G Wireless links: unique channel characteristics
u High, time-varying bit-error rate
u Broadcast where some nodes can¶t hear each other
×
Wireless Links: High Bit Error Rate
G ecreasing signal strength
u isperses as it travels greater distance
uAttenuates as it passes through matter
O
Wireless Links: High Bit Error Rate
G Interference from other sources
u Radio sources in same frequency band
u E.g., 2.4 GHz wireless phone interferes with
802.11b wireless LAN
u Electromagnetic noise (e.g., microwave oven)
2
Wireless Links: High Bit Error Rate
G Multi-path propagation
uElectromagnetic waves reflect off objects
uTaking many paths of different lengths
uCausing blurring of signal at the receiver
receiver
transmitter
6
[ealing With Bit Errors
G Wireless vs. wired links
u Wired: most loss is due to congestion
u Wireless: higher, time-varying bit-error ate
©
Wireless Links: Broadcast Limitations
G Wired broadcast links
u E.g., Ethernet bridging, in wired LANs
u All nodes receive transmissions from all other nodes
¦
So, A and C are unaware
of their interference at B.
u
Wireless Links: Broadcast Limitations
G Wired broadcast links
u E.g., Ethernet bridging, in wired LANs
u All nodes receive transmissions from all other nodes
mm
Wireless Network: Wireless Hosts
Wireless host
G Laptop, P A, IP phone
G Run applications
G May be stationary (non-
mobile) or mobile
mÔ
Wireless Network: Base Station
Base station
G Typically connected to
wired network
G Relay responsible for
sending packets between
wired network and wireless
host(s) in its ³area´
G E.g., cell towers, 802.11
access points
m×
Wireless Network: Infrastructure
Network infrastructure
G Larger network with which a
wireless host wants to
communicate
G Typically a wired network
G Provides traditional network
services
G May not always exist
mO
Scenario #1: Infrastructure Mode
Infrastructure mode
G Base station connects
mobiles into wired network
G Network provides services
(addressing, routing, NS)
G Handoff: mobile changes
base station providing
connection to wired network
m2
Scenario #2: Ad Hoc Networks
Ad hoc mode
G No base stations
G Nodes can only transmit to other
nodes within link coverage
G Nodes self-organize and route
among themselves
m6
Infrastructure vs. Ad Hoc
G Infrastructure mode
u Wireless hosts are associated with a base station
u Traditional services provided by the connected network
u E.g., address assignment, routing, and NS resolution
G Ad hoc networks
u Wireless hosts have no infrastructure to connect to
u Hosts themselves must provide network services
Infrastructure-based Infrastructure-less
Single hop Base station connected No wired network; one
to larger wired network node coordinates the
(e.g., WiFi wireless transmissions of the
LAN, and cellular others (e.g., Bluetooth,
telephony networks) and ad hoc 802.11)
Multi-hop Base station exists, but No base station exists,
some nodes must relay and some nodes must
through other nodes relay through others
(e.g., wireless sensor (e.g., mobile ad hoc
networks, and wireless networks, like vehicular
mesh networks ad hoc networks)
mu
WiFi: 802.11 Wireless LANs
m
802.11 LAN Architecture
G Access Point (AP)
u Base station that
communicates with the
wireless hosts
G Basic Service Set (BSS)
u Coverage of one AP
u AP acts as the master
¦ u Identified by an ³network
name´ known as an SSI
¦
Ôm
Mobility Within the Same Subnet
G H1 remains in same IP subnet
u IP address of the host can remain same
u Ongoing data transfers can continue uninterrupted
¦
¦
¦
Ô×
CA: Collision Avoidance, Not [etection
G Collision detection in wired Ethernet
u Station listens while transmitting
u etects collision with other transmission
u Aborts transmission and tries sending again
Ô2
Host Mobility
Ô6
·arying [egrees of User Mobility
G Moves only within same access network
u Single access point: mobility is irrelevant
u Multiple access points: only link-link layer changes
u Either way, users is not mobile at the network layer
A B
Ôu
E.g., Keeping Track of Mobile Friends
G Sending a letter to a friend who moves often
u How do you know where to reach him?
A B
12.34.45.0/24 12.34.45.7/32
G Communication technology
u Antenna on the plane to leased satellite transponders
u Ground stations serve as Internet gateways
12.78.3.0/24
Internet
×Ô
Summary: Letting Routing Handle It
G Advantages
u No changes to the end host
u Traffic follows an efficient path to new location
G isadvantages
u oes not scale to large number of mobile hosts
Large number of routing-protocol messages
Larger routing tables to store smaller address blocks
G Alternative
u Mobile IP
××
Home Network and Home Agent
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·isited Network and Care-of Address
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Mobility: Registration
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Indirect Routing: Efficiency Issues
G Mobile uses two addresses
u Permanent address: used by correspondent (making
mobile¶s location is transparent to correspondent)
u Care-of-address: used by the home agent to forward
datagrams to the mobile
×u
Mobility via [irect Routing
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G Mobility
u Today¶s users tolerate disruptions as they move
u Tomorrow¶s users expect seamless mobility