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Petroleum System
( Part Two )
Migration of Petroleum
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Oil and gas migration are the least understood processes
in the formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Much of the
current thinking of how it happens is hypothetical and
difficult to prove with either experiment or theory. When
potential source and reservoir rocks are buried, they contain
water in their pore space. The oil or gas, therefore, has to
replace this water in the migration process when it reaches
the reservoir rock.
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Types of Petroleum Migration
Transitional stage between place of oil origin and place oil collect. It
divided to three parts:
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3) Compaction: is the primary motor that leads to the expulsion of
hydrocarbons from shaly source rocks. Compaction is achieved by the
reduction of pore spaces due to the expulsion of pore waters. Freshly deposited
clay-rich sediments have 60-80% pore water contents. Most of this pore water
is expelled due to compaction within the first 2,000m of burial. However, at
that stage petroleum generation by thermal degradation has not been initiated
in most basins. With further burial, very little pore water remains for additional
expulsion. This is why sediment compaction was long disputed as a major
driving force for primary migration. Now it is known, however, that good
quality source rocks experience further compaction with the expulsion of
petroleum.
6)
6 Fluids.
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2- Secondary migration: is migration of petroleum through permeable rocks
(carrier bed) after expulsion from the source rocks. Unlike primary migration
(expulsion), secondary migration generally involves long distances from tens of
meters to hundreds of kilometers. The main driving forces are:
Lateral migration.
Vertical migration.
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3- Tertiary migration (Dismigration): occurs when petroleum moves from
one trap to another or to leakage, seepage, dissipation and alteration of
petroleum as it reaches the Earth’s surface.
Figure: Model to illustrate the primary and secondary migration and the accumulations
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Factors that lead to the petroleum migration
1. Low porosity of Petroleum-bearing sediments because
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The evidence that supports the migration of petroleum
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Figure: Migration pathways in the Cretaceous System of South Iraq
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Figure: Migration pathways in the oil fields North Iraq
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