DAC 11503: CIVIL

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
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Prepared by: DR. NORHAYATI NGADIMAN
 TEST 1 TEST 2
 Group A & Group B  Group A & Group B
25/10/18, (Thursday) 29/11/18, (Thursday)
12-1 pm 12-1 pm
 Group C & D  Group C & D
22/10/18 (Monday) 26/10/18 (Monday)
2-3 pm 2-3 pm
CEMENT

 Types of Cement
 Chemical Composition
 Testing of Cement
 Manufacturing of Cement
 Cement for high performance
concrete
 Foam concrete
 Introduction

 Cement is a manufactured construction

material and widely used for structural
constructions such as buildings, bridges,
tunnels, dams, factories, pavement and etc.
It is an instant glue and capable to bond
mineral fragments into compact whole
 Introduction

 Mortar:
A mixture of cement, fine aggregates
or sand and water to form a paste
 Concrete:
A mixture of cement, sand, coarse
aggregates and water under certain
ratio
 DEFINITION

 Cement is the mixture of calcareous and

argillaceous materials.
 Cement is a hydraulic binder and is defined as
a finely ground inorganic material which, when
mixed with water, forms a paste which sets and
hardens by means of hydration reactions and
processes which, after hardening retains it's
strength and stability even under water.
 RAW INGREDIENTS

 Calcareous:
The calcareous material is a calcium
oxide, such as limestone, chalk, or oyster
shells.
 Argillaceous:
Argillaceous is a combination of silica and
alumina that can be found from clay,
shale, and blast furnace slag.
SETTING AND HARDENING
1.1 The types of CEMENT

cement High
Hydraulic Mixed
alumina

Natural Portland Aluminous

OPC

Rapid-
hardening
Blastfurnace
Extra rapid-
hardening
Sulphate-resisting
White and
coloured
Masonry
Low heat
1.1 Classification of Portland
Cements
Typical compound composition of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES
OF PORTLAND CEMENT
 1.2 Chemical Composition

Name of Raw Chemical Percentage

Material Composition Limit
Lime
CaO 60 – 67
Silica
SiO2 17 – 25
Alumina
Al2O3 3–8
Iron Oxide
Fe2O3 0.5 – 6
Magnesium
MgO 0.1 – 4
Alkalis (Soda and or/
Na2O,K2O 0.2 – 1.3
potash)
SO3 1-3
Trioxide
 Figure 1.1: Vicat set time apparatus

1.3Testing of Cement
 Vicat Set Time Apparatus
 Gilmore Set Time Apparatus
1.3Testing of Cement
 Soundness - AUTOCLAVE
 Compressive Strength
Compressive strength of mortar
is measured by preparing 50mm
(2in.) cubes and subjecting them
to compression according to
ASTM C109. The mortar is
prepared with cement, water
and standard sand (ASTM
C778).
1.4 Manufacturing of
Cement
 Production of Portland cement deals with two
basic raw ingredients namely calcareous and
argillaceous.
 These materials are crushed and stored in the
silos.
 The raw materials, in the desired proportions, are
passed through grinding mill, using either wet or
dry process.
 The ground material is stored until it can be sent
to the kiln
1.4 Manufacturing of
Cement
 Modern dry process cement plants use a heat
recovery cycle to preheat the ground material
 Some plants use a flash furnace to further heat and
feed stock.
 In the kiln, the raw materials are melted at
temperatures 1400oC to 1650oC, changing the
materials into cement clinker.
 The clinker is cooled and stored. The small amount of
gypsum is added to regulate the setting time of the
cement in the concrete.
*CKD: Cement Kiln Dust
1.5 Cement for high performance
concrete

 High strength concrete can be achieved with present

of Portland cement, aggregate and water, but also
superplasticizers and supplementary cementing
materials.
 It is possible to achieve compressive strengths of up
to 98 Mpa using fly ash or ground granulated blast
furnace slag as the supplementary cementing
materials.
 However, to achieve the strengths of 100 Mpa or
more, the use of silica fume has been found to be
essential