Çengel

Boles Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1
CHAPTER

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Basic
Concepts of
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-1
Applications of
Thermodynamics

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

The human body

Air-conditioning Airplanes
systems

Car radiators Power plants Refrigeration systems

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-2

Crossing Closed-System Boundries

Energy, not mass, crosses closed-system boundries

(Fig. 1-13)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-3
Closed System with Moving
Boundry

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-4
Crossing Control Volume
Boundaries
Mass and Energy Cross Control Volume Boundaries

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-5

System’s Internal Energy

System’s Internal Energy = Sum of Microscopic Energies

(Fig. 1-19)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-6
Quasi-Equilibrium,
Work-Producing Devices
Quasi-Equilibrium, Work-Producing Devices Deliver the Most Work

(Fig. 1-30)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-7
Compressed Process P-V
Diagram

(Fig. 1-31)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-8
Absolute, Gage, and Vacuum
Pressures

(Fig. 1-36)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-9

The Basic Manometer

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-10
Temperature Scales
Comparison

(Fig. 1-48)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-11
Many Ways to Supply the Same
Energy
Ways to supply a room with energy equalling a 300-W electric resistance heater

(Fig. 1-52)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-12
Bomb Calorimeter Used to
Determine Energy Content of Food

(Fig. 1-53)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-13

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

• Thermodynamics is the science that primarily

deals with energy.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-14

Chapter Summary

• The first law of thermodynamics is simply an

Çengel
Boles expression of the conservation of energy principle,
and it asserts that energy is a thermodynamic
Thermodynamics

property.
• The second law of thermodynamics asserts that
energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual
processes occur in the direction of decreasing
quality of energy.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-15

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• A system of fixed mass is called a closed system,
Thermodynamics

or control mass, and a system that involves mass

transfer across its boundaries is called an open
system, or control volume.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-16

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The mass-dependent properties of a system are
Thermodynamics

called extensive properties and the others,

intensive properties. Density is mass per unit
volume, and specific volume is volume per unit
mass.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-17

Chapter Summary

Çengel
• The sum of all forms of energy of a system is
Boles called total energy, which is considered to consist
Thermodynamics

of internal, kinetic, and potential energies. Internal

energy represents the molecular energy of a
system and may exist in sensible, latent, chemical,
and nuclear forms.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-18

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• A system is said to be in thermodynamic
Thermodynamics

equilibrium if it maintains thermal, mechanical,

phase, and chemical equilibrium.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-19

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • Any change from one state to another is called a
Thermodynamics

process.
• A process with identical end states is called a
cycle.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-20

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• During a quasi-static or quasi-equilibrium process,
Thermodynamics

the system remains practically in equilibrium at all

times.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-21

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The state of a simple, compressible system is
Thermodynamics

completely specified by two independent,

intensive properties.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-22

Chapter Summary

Çengel • Force per unit area is called pressure, and its unit
Boles
is the pascal. The absolute, gage, and vacuum
Thermodynamics

pressures are related by

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-23

Chapter Summary

• Small to moderate pressure differences are

Çengel
Boles measured by a manometer, and a differential fluid
column of height h corresponds to a pressure
Thermodynamics

difference of

where ρ is the fluid density and g is the local

gravitational acceleration.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-24

Chapter Summary

Çengel • The atmospheric pressure is measured by a

Boles barometer and is determined from
Thermodynamics

where h is the height of the liquid column above

the free surface.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-25

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two
Thermodynamics

bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the

same temperature reading even if they are not in
contact.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-26

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The temperature scales used in the SI and the
Thermodynamics

English system today are the Celsius scale and

the Fahrenheit scale, respectively.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-27

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The absolute temperature scale in the SI is the
Thermodynamics

Kelvin scale, which is related to the Celsius scale

by

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-28

Chapter Summary

Çengel • In the English system, the absolute temperature

Boles
scale is the Rankine scale, which is related to the
Thermodynamics

Fahrenheit scale by

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-29

Chapter Summary

• The magnitudes of each division of 1 K and

Çengel 1 0C are identical, and so are the magnitude of
Boles
each division of 1 R and 10F. Therefore,
Thermodynamics

and

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998
 1-30

Chapter Summary

• An important application area of thermodynamics

Çengel
Boles is the biological system. Most diets are based on
Thermodynamics

the simple energy balance: the net energy gained

by a person in the form of fat is equal to the
difference between the energy intake from food
and the energy expended by exercise.

Third
Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.,1998