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Carbon and Organic

Compounds
Organic vs. Inorganic
• Organic compounds contain carbon that
is covalently bonded to non-metals
Comparison of Properties of Organic
and Inorganic Compounds
Property Organic Inorganic

Solubility in inorganic
solvent (water)
Solubility in organic
solvent (toluene)
Conductivity

Flammability

Volatility

Melting Point

Boiling Point
Comparison of Properties of Organic
and Inorganic Compounds
Property Organic Inorganic

Solubility in inorganic Generally not soluble soluble


solvent (water)
Solubility in organic Generally soluble Not soluble
solvent (toluene)
Conductivity Non-conductive conductive

Flammability Generally flammable Not flammable

Volatility More volatile Not volatile

Melting Point Low High

Boiling Point Low High


The position of carbon in the periodic table.
Carbon’s Key Properties
• Has a mid-range electronegativity value
so it forms covalent bonds and shares
electrons
• Can form a maximum of four bonds
• Can form chains, sheets, and rings
• Usually combined with H and often
bonds with O, S, N and P
Forms
HYDROCARBONS

Carbon Skeletons and Hydrogen Skins

Each C can form a maximum of four single bonds, OR two


single and one double bond, OR one single and triple bond.

The arrangement of C atoms determines the skeleton, so a


straight chain and a bent chain represent the same
skeleton.
Groups joined by single bonds can rotate, so a branch
pointing down is the same as one pointing up.
The Other Carbon Bonds
• If carbon is not bound to anything else in an
organic compound, it will be attached to
hydrogen.

C –C– C – C – C
|
C
Ways of depicting formulas and models of an alkane.
ring
Some five-carbon skeletons.
C
single bonds double bond C C
C C
C C C C C C C C C C
C
C
C C C C C C C

C C C C C C C
C C
C C C C C
C

C C C C
C C

C C C C C C C
C
C
C
C
C C
C C
C C C C
C
Saturated and Unsaturated
• When the carbon in organic compounds
forms only single bonds we say that the
compound is saturated (can’t add
anything more).
• If there are double or triple bonds,
these can be broken to add more atoms.
In this case we say that the compound
is unsaturated.
Isomers
• When two compounds have the same
chemical formula but different
structural formulas they are called
isomers.
• There are many kinds of isomers
depending on where the carbons are
placed and how bonds are arranged.
Isomers and Vision
• If you take beta carotene and split the
molecule, you get 2 Vitamin A molecules.
These are related to retinal.
• Retinal changes form when a photon of
light strikes it.
• http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchemb
ook/531vision.html
Depicting cycloalkanes.
H H
H H
C H C C H

H C C H H C C H
H H H H

cyclobutane

cyclopropane
Boiling points of the first 10 unbranched alkanes.
An analogy for optical isomers.
Some molecules with the alcohol functional group.
Some common aldehydes and ketones.

methanal ethanal benzaldehyde 2-propanone 2-butanone


(formaldehyde) (acetaldehyde) artificial almond (acetone) solvent for (methyl ethyl
used to make narcotic product of flavoring fat, rubber, plastic, ketone) important
resins in plywood, ethanol varnish, lacquer; solvent
dishware, metabolism; used chemical feedstock
countertops; to make perfume,
biological flavors, plastics,
preservative other chemicals
Some molecules with the carboxylic acid functional group.

methanoic acid butanoic acid


(formic acid) (butyric acid)
an irritating odor of rancid butter;
component of ant suspected component
and bee stings of monkey sex
attractant

benzoic acid
calorimetric
standard; used in octadecanoic acid
preserving food, (stearic acid)
dyeing fabric, curing found in animal fats;
tobacco used in making candles
and soap
Some lipid molecules with the ester functional group.

cetyl palmitate
the most common
lipid in whale
blubber

tristearin
typical dietary fat used as an
lecithin
energy store in animals
phospholipid found in all cell membranes
Polymers
• Long chain molecules made of small
repeating units
• Can be made by addition reactions
(adding molecules) or condensation
(splitting something out and joining the
pieces.
• Building polymers….
Crosslinking

• Some polymers make bridges across


chains rather than just adding to chains.
These are “cross-linked” polymers.
• Some cross-links are covalent bonds and
are permanent. Some links are made
with intermolecular forces and can be
broken more easily (like the alginate
worms).
Making “Worms”

Sodium alginate

Calcium alginate – the


calcium ions replace
the sodium ions and
form a “bridge”
between parts of the
alginate molecule
Making Slime
PVA (poly vinyl alcohol)
glue molecule

Borax molecule

PVA (poly vinyl alcohol)


glue molecule

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