HYDRAULICS

(DAC 21003)

1
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS

1.1 Units and dimensions
1.2 Ideal and Newtonian fluid
1.3 Properties of fluid: density, specific weight,
specific gravity, viscosity, bulk modulus,
shear force, surface tension and
capillarity.
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1.0
1.0 Introduction
Introduction

- This subject is focus on scientific study related to

fluid flow in closed conduit (e.g pipe) and open
channel (e.g river).

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1.0
1.0 Introduction
Introduction
Cont’d
Fluid engineering applications is enormours; which are flow
in pipelines and channels, movements of air and blood in
the body, air resistance, wind loading on buildings, motion
of projectiles, jets, shock waves, lubrication, combustion
and irrigation.
The knowledge of fluid mechanics and hydraulics is
required to properly design water supply systems,
wastewater treatment facilities, spillways, pumps, turbines,
air conditioning systems and etc.
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1.1
1.1 Units
Units and
and Dimension
Dimension

Quantity Dimension SI BG
Mass M kg lb
Length L m ka
Time T s s
Temperature θ o
C o
F
Notes: British Gravitational (BG) system used English unit, while
Système Internationale d’Unités (SI) used metric units.
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1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Fluid can be divided into 2 :

Liquid
- Able to flow and does not have specific form.
- Change to another form or shape if shear force
involved.
- Assumed as uncompressible fluid.
(Compressible’s value has been ignored - too small)

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1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Vapor / gas
- Compressible fluid.
- Density of gas/vapor is different based on
temperature and pressure required.

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1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Ideal Fluid
Known as perfect fluid
This fluid has no friction, surface tension and
compressiblity.
Although this fluid does not exist in reality, a lot
of researchers used it in analysis and calculation
of fluid.
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1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Real Fluid
In real fluid, either liquid or gas, tangential or
shearing forces always develop whenever there is
motion relative to a body, thus creating fluid friction.
Newtonian fluid is a fluid for which the constant of
proportionality (where, shear stress proportional to
the time rate of (angular) deformation) does not
change with rate of deformation.
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1.2
1.2 Ideal
Ideal && Newtonian
Newtonian Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Real Fluid
Water, air, gasoline, and oils (Newtonian fluids)
Blood and liquid plastics (non-Newtonian fluids)

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Density ()
Depends on temperature and pressure
Density = mass per unit volume or  = m/V
SI Unit = kg/m3.
Example: density of water = 998 kg/m3 ≈ 1000
kg/m3

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Specific Weight ()

Specific weight = weight per unit volume or
 = W/V N/m3 or
 =  g N/m3
Example: specific weight of water
= 1000 x 9.81 = 9.81 kN/m3
where, accelaration of gravity = 9.81 ms -2
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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Specific Gravity (s.g)

Specific gravity = specific weight of substance/
specific weight of water at 4oC
s.g = substance / water at 4oC
Where, specific gravity of water is 9.81 kN/m3

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 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Relative Density (rd)

The relative density of a substance /liquid is
defined as the ratio of its mass density to the mass
density of water taken at atmospheric of 4C.
Density of substance  sub

Density of water  water

(Formula for rd and sg are similar if gravity’s value is same)

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Example 1 :

A reservoir of glycerin as a mass of 1200 kg and a

volume of 0.952 m3. Find the glycerin’s weight
(W), mass density ( ), specific weight ( ) and
specific gravity (s.g)

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Answer 1:

W = mg = (1200)(9.81) = 11770N atau 11.77kN

 = m/V = 1200/0.952 = 1261 kg/m3
 = g = (1261)(9.81) = 12.37 kN/m3 (atau W/V)
s.g = substance / water at 4oC = 12.37k/9.81k = 1.26

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Specific Volume (vs)

Defined as the reciprocal of the mass density or
volume per unit mass
1
vs 

SI Unit is m3/kg

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Example 2 :
If the specific volume of a certain gas is 0.73 m3/kg,
calculate its specific weight.
Answer 2 :
vs = 0.73 m3/kg ρ = 1/vs = 1/0.73 =1.37 kg/m3
 =  g = 1.37 x 9.81 = 13.44 N/m3

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Viscosity
is a property that represents the
internal resistance of a fluid to
motion or the “fluidity”.
The force a flowing fluid exerts on
a body in the flow direction is
called the drag force, and the
magnitude of this force depends
on viscosity. 19
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Viscosity
To obtain a relation for viscosity,
consider a fluid layer between
two very large parallel plates (or
equivalently, two parallel plates
immersed in a large body of a
fluid) separated by a distance.

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Viscosity
Now a constant parallel force F is applied to the
upper plate while the lower plate is held fixed. After
the initial transients, it is observed that the upper
plate moves continuously under the influence of this
force at a constant velocity V.
The fluid in contact with the upper plate sticks to the
plate surface and moves with it at the same velocity.
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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Viscosity
Force which are needed to make a constant flow is
Au where  is dynamic viscosity,
F
y F/A shear stress
 
u y shear stress rate
The shear stress acting on this fluid layer is ( = F/A)
where A is the contact area between the plate and the
fluid. Note that the fluid layer deforms continuously
under the influence of shear stress.
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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
du
The shear stress can also shows as   
dy

SI Unit = Ns/m2 or kg/ms or Pa.s or Poise (10 Poise

= 1Ns/m2)

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of

dynamic viscosity to mass density,
 dynamic viscosity
 
 density
SI units : m2/s or stokes (10,000 stokes = 1 m2/s)

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Example 3 :
A plate separated by 0.5 mm from a fixed plate
moves at 0.5 m/s under a force per unit area of 4.0
N/m2. Determine the viscosity of fluid between the
plates.

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Answer 3 : 0.5 m/s
du
 
dy
4.0 N/m2 0.0005 m

dy 0.5
  (4.0)  0.004Ns / m 2
du 0.0005

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

Compressibility and Bulk Modulus

All fluid are compressible when subjected to
applied forces, they will exprience a reduction in
volume.
Volume reduction in gases are much more
compressible compared to liquids. Hence, gases
are much more compressible compared to liquids.

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

The change in volume which accompanies the

change in pressure is given; dV
dp   K
V
where, K is the bulk modulus of substance
Bulk modulus is limitation for substance to resist
compressibility.

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d

The bulk modulus for solids and liquids

remains fairly constant over the ranges
of pressure and volume changes.
Liquids are considered incompressible
as the volume change is very small.
K unit = N/m2

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Example 4 :
A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of
1000 cm3 at 1 MN/m2 and a volume of 995 cm3 at 2
MN/m2. What is its bulk modulus of elasticity (K)?
Answer 4:
 p 2 1
K   200MPa
V V (995  1000) / 1000
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

1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Surface Tension ( )
This property takes place at the interface between a
liquid and a gas, i.e., at the liquid surface, and at
the interface between two immiscible liquids.
The out of balance attraction force between
molecules forms an imaginary surface film which
exerts a tension force in the surface.

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
This force acts in the plane of the surface, normal to
any line drawn in the surface and its tends to
reduce the surface area of liquid body.
Effect of surface tension is to reduce the liquid area
to minimum level and increase the internal forces
thus, surface tension force must be in equilibrium.
 = 0.073 N/m – for air-water interface
 = 0.480 N/m – for air -mercury interface

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Unit : N/m

For interior of liquid cylinder, P 
R

A spherical droplet, P  2
R

The pressure difference between 2 surfaces of soap

bubbles, 4
P 
R
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 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Example 5 :
An atomizer forms water droplets 45μm in diameter.
Find the excess pressure within these droplets for
water at 30oC.
Answer 5 :
2 2(0.0712)
P   6
 6329 Pa
R (45 x10 ) / 2
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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Capillarity
When a liquid comes into contact with a solid surface,
then the adhesion forces between solid and liquid as
well as the cohesion forces within the liquid must be
considered. It is also because of surface tension of
liquid.
If adhesion forces > cohesion forces, the meniscus in
glass tube will show maximum curve ,i.e, mercury.
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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
While, if cohesion forces > adhesion forces, the
meniscus will behave differently, i.e. water

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid
Cont’d
Increasing of liquid’s level in tube can be estimated
if angle,which is between wall and liquid are
known. Here is the formulae; 2 cos 
h
r

dimana: - angle
 - specific weight
 - surface tension
r - radius
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 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Example 6 :
Find the capillary rise in the tube for a mercury-air-
glass interface with 130oC if the tube radius is 1mm
and the temperature is 20oC.
Answer 6 :
2 cos  2(0.514)(cos130o )
h   0.005m
r (13570)(9.81)(1 / 1000)
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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid Cont’d
Next slides (pg 41- pg 45) are show the properties
of air, water dan common gases at standard sea-
level atmosphere pressure.

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1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
Table A.1: Properties of air at standard sea-level
Cont’d
atmosphere pressure
Specific Dynamic Kinematic
Temperature Density, 
weight,  viscosity,  Viscosity, 
o
C kg/m3
N/m3 Ns/m2 m2/s
0 1.29 12.7 1.72  10-5 13.3  10-6
10 1.25 12.2 1.77  10-5 14.2  10-6
20 1.20 11.8 1.81  10-5 15.1  10-6
30 1.16 11.4 1.86  10-5 16.0  10-6
40 1.13 11.0 1.91  10-5 16.9  10-6
50 1.09 10.7 1.95  10-5 17.9  10-6
60 1.06 10.4 1.99  10-5 18.9  10-6
70 1.03 10.1 2.04  10-5 19.9  10-6
80 1.00 9.80 2.09  10-5 20.9  10-6
90 0.972 9.53 2.19  10-5 21.9  10-6
100 0.946 9.28 2.30  10-5 23.0  10-6 40
 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
Table A.2: Properties of water at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure
Cont’d
Temperature Density,  Specific weight, Dynamic viscosity, Surface tension*,
o
C kg/m3  N/m3  Ns/m2  N/m
0 1000 9810 1.75  10-3 0.0756
10 1000 9810 1.30  10-3 0.0742
20 998 9790 1.02  10-3 0.0728 * Contact
with air
30 996 9770 8.00  10-4 0.0712
40 992 9730 6.51  10-4 0.0696
50 988 9690 5.41  10-4 0.0679
60 984 9650 4.60  10-4 0.0662
70 978 9590 4.02  10-4 0.0644
80 971 9530 3.50  10-4 0.0626
90 965 9470 3.11  10-4 0.0608
41
100 958 9400 2.82  10-4 0.0589
 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
Table A.3: Properties of fluid at standard sea-level
Cont’d
atmosphere pressure
Bulk
Density, Specific Viscosity,
Temp Surface Modulus,
 gravity, sg 
Fluid tension,  K
10– 3
o
C kg/m 3
– N/m 106 N/m2
Ns/m2
Benzene 20oC 876 0.88 0.65 0.029 1030
Tetrachloride
20oC 1588 1.594 0.97 0.026 1100
Carbon
Raw oil 20oC 856 0.86 7.2 0.03 –
Gasoline 20oC 680 0.68 0.29 – –
Glycerine 20oC 1258 1.26 1494 0.063 4344

Hydrogen –257oC 73.7 0.074 0.021 0.0029 –

42
1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
Table A.3: Properties of fluid at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure
Cont’d
Specific Surface Bulk
Density viscosity
Temp weight, tension, Modulus,
, ,
Fluid sg  K
10– 3
o
C kg/m 3
– N/m 106N/m2
Ns/m2
Kerosene 20oC 808 0.81 1.92 0.025 –
Mercury 20oC 13550 13.56 1.56 0.51 26200
Oxygen –195oC 1206 1.21 0.278 0.015 –
SAE 10 oil 20oC 918 0.92 82 0.037 –
SAE 30 oil 20oC 918 0.92 440 0.036 –
Water 20oC 998 0.999 1.00 0.073 2171
Sea water 20oC 1023 1.024 1.07 0.073 2300

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 1.3
1.3 Properties
Properties of
of Fluid
Fluid (Appendix)
(Appendix)
Table A.4: Physical properties of common gases at standard
sea-level atmosphere pressure
Cont’d
Chemical Molar Mass, Density, Viscosity,
Gas Constant, R
Gas formula M  
– kg/ kg-mol kg/m3 10–6 Ns/m2 m2/(s2K)
Air 28.96 1.205 18.0 287
Carbon
CO2 44.01 1.84 14.8 188
dioxide
Carbon
CO 28.01 1.16 18.2 297
monoxide
Helium He 4.003 0.166 19.7 2077
Hydrogen H2 2.016 0.0839 9.0 4120
Methane CH4 16.04 0.668 13.4 520
Nitrogen N2 28.02 1.16 17.6 297
Oxygen O2 32.00 1.33 20.0 260
Water
H2O 18.02 0.747 10.1 462 44
Vapour
1.3
1.3 Summary
Summary of
of Fluid’s
Fluid’s Properties
Properties
Value of fluid
Relative Density properties are
Surface Tension Compressibility vary in different
temperatures

Properties
Viscosity Capillarity
of Fluid

Bulk Modulus Specific Gravity

Density
45