Introduction

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 Mechanics is the branch of physics dealing with the
state of rest or motion of bodies under the action of
forces.
 Mechanics is may further be divided into three types:
1. Mechanics of rigid bodies
2. Mechanics of non-rigid or deformable bodies
3. Mechanics of fluids
 Engineering mechanics or Type 1 or mechanics of
rigid bodies may be divided into two areas of study:
1. Statics
2. Dynamics
 Statics is that domain of engineering mechanics
dealing with the equilibrium of bodies which are
either at rest or moves with constant velocity.

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 Dynamics may be concerned with the accelerated motion
of bodies.
 Dynamics may also be known as Engineering Mechanics-II.
 Dynamics may be divided into two parts:
1. Kinematics
2. Kinetics
 Kinematics is that part of dynamics dealing with the
geometrical aspects of motion. In other words, Kinematics
is used to relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and
time, without reference to the cause of the motion.
 On the other hand, Kinetics is a part of dynamics
concerning with the analysis of forces causing the motion.
In fact, Kinetics is used to predict the motion caused by
given forces or to determine the forces required to
produce a given motion.

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Kinematics of Particles (Before Mid Term Exam)
 Introduction: Rectilinear Motion, Plane Curvilinear Motion,
Rectangular Coordinates, Normal and Tangential
Coordinates, Polar Coordinates
Kinetics of Particles (Before Mid Term Exam)
 Force, Mass and Acceleration: Newton’s Second Laws of
Motion, The Equations of Motion, Rectilinear Motion,
Curvilinear Motion, Work and Energy, Potential Energy,
Impulse and Momentum, Conservation of Momentum
Plane Kinematics of Rigid Bodies (After Mid Term Exam)
 Angular Motion Relations, Absolute Motion, Relative
Velocity, Instantaneous Center of Zero Velocity, Relative
Acceleration
Plane Kinetics of Rigid Bodies (After Mid Term Exam)
 Force, Mass and Acceleration: General Equations of
Motion, Translation, Rotation about a fixed axis, Work and
Energy Relationship, Impulse and Momentum Equation
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Sr. No. Title Authors Edition Publisher Publication Year

1 Engineering R. C. Hibbeler Fourteenth Pearson 2016

Mechanics-II Prentice Hall
(Dynamics) (Text
book)

2 Engineering J. L. Maraim & L. Eighth John Wiley 2015

Mechanics-II G. Kraige and Sons, Inc.
(Dynamics)
(Recommended book)

3 Vector Mechanics for F. P. Beer & E. Ninth McGraw-Hill 2010

Engineers (Dynamics) R. Johnston
(Recommended book)

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 Factually, the ideologies of dynamics were first
initiated when it was probable to measure time
accurately.
 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was one of the former
chief contributors to this field. His work included
experiments using pendulums and falling bodies.
Galileo was continually under severe criticism for
refusing to accept the established beliefs of his day,
such as the philosophies of Aristotle which held, for
example, that heavy bodies fall more rapidly than
light bodies.
 The most significant contributions in dynamics,
however, were made by Isaac Newton (1642–1727),
who suggested the three fundamental laws of motion
and the law of universal gravitational attraction.
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 Shortly after these laws were postulated,
vital techniques for their application were
established by Euler, D’Alembert, Lagrange,
and others.

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 There are numerous problems in engineering whose
solutions require application of the principles of
dynamics.
Transportation Industry
 Typically the structural design of any vehicle, such as
an automobile or airplane, requires consideration of
the motion to which it is subjected.
Mechanical Devices
 This is also true for many mechanical devices, such as
motors, pumps, movable tools, industrial
manipulators, and machinery.
Motion Forecasting of Physical Objects
 Furthermore, predictions of the motions of artificial
satellites, projectiles, and spacecraft are based on
the theory of dynamics.

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 Dynamics is considered to be more involved
than statics since both the forces applied to
a body and its motion must be taken into
account.
 Also, many real applications of engineering
principles require using calculus (use of
differentiation, limits, integration, etc. as in
case of dynamics), rather than just algebra
and trigonometry (as in case of statics). In
any case, the most effective way of learning
the principles of dynamics is how to solve
problems.

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 To be fruitful at solving dynamic problems, it is needed to present the
work in a logical and orderly manner as recommended by the following
sequence of steps:
1. Read the problem carefully and try to correlate the actual physical
situation with the theory you have studied.
2. Draw any necessary diagrams and tabulate the problem data.
3. Establish a coordinate system and apply the dynamic principles,
generally in mathematical form.
4. Solve the necessary equations algebraically as far as practical; then,
use a consistent set of units and complete the solution numerically.
5. Report the answer with no more significant figures than the accuracy
of the given data.
6. Study the answer using technical judgment and common sense to
determine whether or not it seems reasonable.
7. Once the solution has been completed, review the problem. Try to
think of other ways of obtaining the same solution.
8. Draw conclusions
 In applying this general procedure, do the work as neatly as possible.
Being neat generally stimulates clear and orderly thinking, and vice
versa.

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 Kinematics is that part of dynamics dealing with
the geometrical aspects of motion. In other
words, Kinematics is used to relate
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time,
without reference to the cause of the motion.
OR
 Kinematics is the branch of dynamics which
describes the motion of bodies without
reference to the forces which either cause the
motion or are generated as a result of the
motion. Kinematics is often described as the
“geometry of motion.”

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 Some engineering applications of kinematics include
the design of cams, gears, linkages, and other
machine elements to control or produce certain
desired motions, and the calculation of flight
trajectories for aircraft, rockets, and spacecraft.
 In other words, the hard part of dynamics is learning
how to keep track of motion. Keeping track of
motion, without yet worrying about the forces
involved, is a rudimentary working applications of
kinematics.
 A thorough working knowledge of kinematics is a
prerequisite to kinetics, which is the study of the
relationships between motion and the corresponding
forces which cause or accompany the motion.

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 What is a particle?
 A particle has a mass/body but negligible size and
shape/but negligible dimensions.
 When the dimensions of a body are irrelevant to the
description of its motion or the action of forces on it,
the body may be treated as a particle. An airplane,
for example, may be treated as a particle for the
description of its flight path.
 Therefore, applications of particles are limited to
those objects that have dimensions that are of no
consequence/importance in the analysis of the
motion.
 In various problems, we will be interested in bodies
of finite size, such as rockets, projectiles, missiles,
or vehicles.

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Continuous Motion
 What is a rectilinear kinematics of a particle?
The word “Rectilinear” implies the “Straight
Line”.
 Rectilinear kinematics/Motion of a particle
involves the motion of a particle along a
rectilinear or straight line path.
 Hence The kinematics of a particle is
characterized by specifying, at any given
instant, the particle’s position, velocity, and
acceleration.
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Position
 The straight-line path of a particle will be
defined using a single coordinate axis s, as
shown in following Fig.
 The origin O on the path is a fixed point, and
from this point the position coordinate s is
used to specify the location of the particle at
any given instant.

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A typical example of constant accelerated
motion occurs when a body falls freely
toward the earth.
 If air resistance is neglected and the distance
of fall is short, then the downward
acceleration of the body when it is close to
the earth is constant and approximately 9.81
m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2 .

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