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D: 25 to 50 mm
L: 3 to 10 m
D: 50 to 250 mm
L: 3 to 10 m
Applications:
Applications:
Used for concentrating highly heat-
Used for handling of foaming,
sensitive materials such as orange juice,
frothy liquors.
food materials etc. which require short
residence times.
Forced circulation evaporators
In natural circulation evaporators the liquid enters with velocity 0.3
to 1 m/s and generally the heat transfer coefficients are very low,
particularly with viscous liquids.
Disadvantage:
Applications:
Disadvantages:
Alcohol Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Natural Products
Chlor-Alkali
Petrochemical and Polymer Industry
Energy balances for Single-effect Evaporator
mV, λV
Vapor
mC Energy balance
Condensate mS λS = mf CPf (T – Tf) + mV λV
Enthalpy balance
mS λS = (mP HP + mV HV) – mf Hf
mP, xP
Thick
product
Performance of Evaporator
Kg of vapor evaporated
Capacity = = mV
Time
Kg of vapor evaporated mV
Economy = =
Kg of steam used mS
A single-effect evaporator is to concentrate 20,000
lb/h (9,070 kg/h) of a 20% solution of sodium
hydroxide to 50% solids. The gauge pressure of the
steam is to be 20 lbf/in^2 (1.37 atm); the absolute
pressure in the vapor space is to be 100 mmHg
(1.93 lbf/in^2). The overall coefficient is estimated to
be 250 Btu/ft^2-h-F (1,400 W/m^2-C). The feed
temperature is 100 F (37.8 C). Calculate the amount
of steam consumed, the economy, and the heating
surface required.
Methods of improving Evaporator economy
1. The vapors, which contain latent heat, are generally discarded in an
evaporator, thereby wasting energy.
2. But thermal energy in the vapor evolved from a boiling solution can
be utilized to vaporize more water.
The following techniques are used to utilize the thermal energy that is
available in the vapors coming out from the evaporator.
But it can be used as steam supply to another unit operating under lower
pressure and temperature.
The vapor from the second unit can be further used as a steam supply to a third
unit operating at a still lower pressure and temperature.
Each unit in such a series is called an effect and the method of re-using the
latent heat is called multiple-effect evaporation.
In the case of multiple effect evaporators the economy increases at the cost of
capacity.
Operating cost is same, but the capital cost, repair and maintenance cost
increases with increase in number of effects.
Methods of feeding
Forward feed
Backward feed
Mixed feed
Parallel feed
Forward feed Backward feed
q = U A ΔT = UA (T – Tf)
Capacity
Single-effect Multiple-effect
1. Temp. of the feed 1. Temp. of the feed
2. Boiling point elevation 2. Boiling point elevation
3. Liquid head and friction 3. Liquid head and friction
4. Overall heat transfer coefficient
(hi , ho)
Economy
1. No. of effects
2. Temp. of the feed