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Chapter 4: Wireless
Telecommunication Systems
Market DECT
GSM TETRA
Overview UMTS/IMT-2000
Services
Sub-systems
Components
700000
600000
subscribers (x 1000)
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
GSM
formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication
Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications
Standardisation Institute)
simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases
(1991, 1994, 1996) by the European telecommunication
administrations (Germany: D1 and D2)
➔ seamless roaming within Europe possible
today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 130
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
more than 100 million subscribers
GSM offers
several types of connections
voice connections, data connections, short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domains
Bearer Services
Telematic Services
Supplementary Services
bearer services
MS
transit source/
TE MT GSM-PLMN network destination TE
R, S Um (PSTN, ISDN) network (U, S, R)
tele services
Additional services
Non-Voice-Teleservices
group 3 fax
voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile
terminals)
electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the fixed
network)
...
BSC
BSC
RSS
radio cell
BSS
MS MS
Um radio cell
RSS BTS MS
BTS
Abis
BSC BSC
A
MSC MSC
NSS signaling
VLR VLR
ISDN, PSTN
HLR GMSC
PDN
IWF
O
OSS
EIR AUC OMC
MS MS
ISDN
PSTN
Um MSC
BTS Abis
BSC EIR
BTS
SS7
HLR
BTS VLR
BSC ISDN
BTS MSC PSTN
A
BSS IWF
PSPDN
CSPDN
MS MS
Components
MS (Mobile Station)
Um BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
Abis consisting of
BTS
BSC MSC
BTS (Base Transceiver Station):
BTS sender and receiver
BSC (Base Station Controller):
controlling several transceivers
Interfaces
Um : radio interface
A
BTS Abis : standardized, open interface with
BSC MSC
BTS 16 kbit/s user channels
A: standardized, open interface with
BSS
64 kbit/s user channels
HLR
Databases
❏ HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR ❏ VLR (Visitor Location Register)
ISDN ❏ EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
MSC
PSTN
IWF
PSPDN
CSPDN
TA (Terminal Adapter):
terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics
TE (Terminal Equipment):
peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user
does not contain GSM specific functions
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):
personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters
TE TA MT
Um
R S
935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
y c
en
qu
890-915 MHz
fre
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.615 ms
superframe
0 1 2 ... 48 49 50
6.12 s
0 1 ... 24 25
multiframe
0 1 ... 24 25 120 ms
0 1 2 ... 48 49 50 235.4 ms
frame
0 1 ... 6 7 4.615 ms
slot
burst 577 µs
Um Abis A
MS BTS BSC MSC
CM CM
MM MM
BSSAP
BSSAP
RR RR’
RR’ BTSM BTSM SS7 SS7
LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD
1, 2: connection request
3, 4: security check
5-8: check resources (free circuit)
9-10: set up call VLR
3 4
6 5
PSTN GMSC MSC
7 8
2 9
1
MS BSS
10
1
2 3 4
MS MS MS MS
MSC MSC
HO_MARGIN
MS MS
BTSold BTSnew
HO decision
HO required HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
HO complete HO complete
clear command clear command
clear complete clear complete
RAND
Ki RAND RAND Ki
A3 A3
SIM
SRES* 32 bit SRES 32 bit
SRES
MSC SRES* =? SRES SRES
32 bit
RAND
Ki RAND RAND Ki
AC 128 bit 128 bit 128 bit 128 bit SIM
A8 A8
cipher Kc
key 64 bit Kc
64 bit
data encrypted SRES
data
BTS
data MS
A5 A5
SGSN
Gn
Um Gb Gn Gi
MSC HLR/
GR
VLR EIR
IP/X.25 IP/X.25
SNDCP GTP
SNDCP GTP
LLC LLC UDP/TCP UDP/TCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
RLC BSSGP
MAC MAC
FR FR L1/L2 L1/L2
radio radio
D4 D3
D2 VDB
PA PT
FT
local HDB
network
PA PT D1
global
FT network
local
network
OSI layer 3
layer plane
data link data link
control control
OSI layer 2
medium access control
Network layer
similar to ISDN (Q.931) and GSM (04.08)
offers services to request, check, reserve, control, and release
resources at the basestation and mobile terminal
resources
necessary for a wireless connection
necessary for the connection of the DECT system to the fixed network
main tasks
call control: setup, release, negotiation, control
call independent services: call forwarding, accounting, call redirecting
mobility management: identity management, authentication,
management of the location register
GAP
DECT/GSM Interworking Profile (GIP): connection to GSM
ISDN Interworking Profiles (IAP, IIP): connection to ISDN
Radio Local Loop Access Profile (RAP): public telephone service
CTM Access Profile (CAP): support for user mobility
hyperframe
0 1 2 ... 57 58 59 61.2 s
multiframe
0 1 2 ... 15 16 17 1.02 s
CF
frame
0 1 2 3 56.67 ms Control Frame
UMTS
UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access)
enhancements of GSM
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s
CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)
VHE (virtual Home Environment)
fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI
requirements
min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)
min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s)
up to 2 Mbit/s city
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)
inter system handover
Uu Iu
UE UTRAN CN
frame
10 ms 0 1 2 ... 13 14 15
slot
625 µs data midample data GP traffic burst
MBS
fast (Mobile Broadband System)
UMTS
mobile
GSM DECT
slow SAMBA
portable MEDIAN
WAND
ISDN B-ISDN
fixed