TRANSFORMERS

P.K.Ranganathan
Seco Controls P. Ltd.

RESOT – 19 Nov. 08
 Customer Profile

Tamilnadu Petro
Products

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 2

 Contents
• Fundamentals
• Application
• Winding
• Material used
• Winding Connection
• Cooling Method
• Harmonics
• Faults
• Protection
• Transformer Efficiency
• Peripherals

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 3

 Fundamentals

Transformer is a passive device that transfers electrical energy from

one circuit to another through inductively coupled electrical
conductors. A changing current in the first circuit (the primary)
creates a changing magnetic field. This changing magnetic field
induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary).

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 4

 Fundamentals

Application Sectors

1. Power
2. Electronics

3. Mains frequency
4. High Frequency

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 5

 Fundamentals

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 6

 Fundamentals
Generator
110 - 220
G
Gen. Trfr Power Trfr.
415V/3.3/11/25 400 KV

66 - 110 Grid

Power Trfr. Power Trfr.

33 Power Trfr.
11
415 V

Distrbn. Trfr.

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 7

 Fundamentals

Need for Transformers

 Power KW = k x Volts x Amps x PF

 Raising Voltage level depends on insulation levels

 Raising Current level depends on conductor Cu / Al

and more importantly the size of the conductor

 Cost of Raising insulation levels versus increasing

conductor size - depends on distance

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 8

 Fundamentals

Need for Transformers – handling current

 Size of conductor - cost

 Mechanical strength aspects – ductility / tensile strength

 Joints / connections – ensuring good surface contact

 Interrupters – Breakers - pitting

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 9

 Fundamentals

Need for Transformers – handling voltages

 Type of insulation

 Mechanical strength aspects – ductility / tensile strength

 space between conductors

 Interrupters – Breakers – flash overs

 fault levels - increase

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 10

 Fundamentals
Affinity Laws
 N1/N2 = V1/V2

 N1/N2 = I 2/I 1 (inverse)

 Kw In = Kw out + losses

 KVA Pr = KVA Sec

 PF Pr = PF Sec
1 Primary :: 2 Secondary :: N = turns :: V = Volts : I = current

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 11

 Transformers – types – by application

 Generator Transformer

 Power Transformer

 Distribution Transformer

 Instrument Transformer PT / CT

 Isolation Transformer

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 12

 Transformers – types – by Winding

 Two winding Transformers

 Three winding Transformers

 Auto Transformers

 Current transformers

 Special Purpose Transformers – Open Delta /

Induction / Rectifier / Arc Furnace etc

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 13

 Transformers – Two Winding

Work Horse

Core

Two winding transformers can be

step-up / step-down – single phase or 3 phase

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 14

 Transformers – Two Winding

Work Horse

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 15

 Transformers – Three Winding

Very less in number

Secondary 1

Primary

Secondary 2

Core

Three winding transformers are usually

step-down – 2 voltage level

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 16

 Transformers – Auto

Power Transformers

220 – 110 KV

110 – 66 KV

Primary
Secondary

Typical - variacs

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 17

 Transformers – Auto

Booster Transformers

Primary

Railways

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 18

 Transformers – Instrument

PTs
CTs

Primary

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 19

 Transformers – types
by core / winding material

 Laminated core

 Toroidal Core

 Amorphous core

 Aluminum wound

 Copper wound

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 20

 Transformers – types – by Cooling

 Oil cooled – natural draft - fin cooled

 Oil Cooled – fan assisted - natural draft - fin cooled

 Dry type

 Special cooling systems to take away heat from oil

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 21

 Transformers – types – by connection

• 3 phase – star / star

• 3 phase - delta / star

• 3 phase - star / delta

• Single phase

• 3 / 6 phase – poly phase

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 22

 Transformers – types – by connection

3 phase – star / star

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 23

 Transformers – types – by connection

3 phase - star / delta

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 24

 Transformers – types – by connection

3 phase - delta / star

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 25

 Transformers – Effect of Harmonics

• Core losses

• Circulating current

• Neutral currents

• Resonance

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 26

 Transformers – Effect of Harmonics

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 27

 Transformers – Faults & Protection

• Inter turn

• Winding to core

• Primary to secondary – inter winding

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 28

 Transformers – Faults & Protection

• Over current – sustained

• Oil vapor – gas volume Thermal - Buchholz
• Over current – instantaneous
• Earth leakage
• Earth fault
• Differential
• Thermal - Thermistors
• Over voltage
• Neutral Unbalance

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 29

 Transformers – Efficiency

Transformers are hi-efficiency devices

• η = Input / output ( kw )

• Losses

• Core losses – magnetic flux

• Resistive losses – I2R

• Artificial Cooling

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 30

 Transformers – Peripherals

• Bushings
• Cable box
• Oil Conservator / expansion tank
• OLTC
• Earthing provision
• Rails

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 31

 Open session

Work Together
P.K.Ranganathan , Certified Energy Auditor

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 32

 P.K.Ranganathan
Certified Energy Auditor
Phone : 044 24330076
Cell : 092834 32002
Email : rangapk@vsnl.com
rangapk@dataone.in

19 Nov 08 P.K.Ranganathan - RESOT 33