Communicative

Strategy
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- The use of Communicative Strategies is

Communicative the hallmark of communicative
Strategies competence.
- When used by the Speaker (and
sometimes the Listener) allow for the
adjustment of the Message and its
Delivery.
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Communicative
Strategies
- Are plans/ways/means of sharing
information which are adopted to
achieve a particular social, political,
psychological, or linguistic purpose .
 1.
Turn-taking
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○A type of organization in conversation and discourse where
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participants speak one at a time in alternating turns. In practice, it

involves processes for constructing contributions, responding to
previous comments, and transitioning to a different speaker, using a
variety of linguistic and non-linguistic cues.
○It is often thought that turn-taking strategies differ by gender;
consequently, turn-taking has been a topic of intense examination in
gender studies. While early studies supported gendered stereotypes,
such as men interrupting more than women and women talking
more than men ,recent research has found mixed evidence of
gender-specific conversational strategies, and few overarching
patterns have emerged.
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1. The Turn-taking component contains the main
content of the utterance and is built from various unit
types (Turn-Construction Units, or TCUs).
Three
Components ○There are four types of TCU categorized by the roles
they play in the utterance:
○Lexical TCU: e.g. "Yes", "There"
○Phrasal TCU: e.g. "In the basket", "out of here"
○Clausal TCU: e.g. "When I am free", "If I got the job"
○Sentential TCU: e.g. "I am working on my thesis", "He
has got my car"
2. The Turn allocation component comprises techniques that select 7

the next speaker. There are two types of techniques: those where the
current speaker selects the next speaker, and those where the next
speaker selects themselves.

3. Rules govern turn construction and give options to designate the

next turn-taker in such a way as to minimize gaps and overlap. Once a
Transition Relevance Place is reached, the following rules are applied
in order:
○The current speaker selects the next speaker and transfers the turn to
them; or
○One of the non-speakers self-selects, with the first person to speak
claiming the next turn; or
o No one self-selects, and the current speaker continues until the conversation
ends.
This order of steps serves to maintain two important elements of
conversation: one person speaking at a time and minimized space
between when one person stops talking and another begins, because
the system is not optimized for fairness or efficiency, and because turn-
taking is not reliant on a set number or type of participants, there are
many variations in how turn-taking occurs.

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 Timing 9
- Another cue associated with turn-taking is that of timing. Within
turn-taking, timing may cue the hearer to know that they have a
turn to speak

 Overlap
- When more than one person is engaging in a conversation, there is
potential for overlapping or interruption while both or many
parties are speaking at the same time. Overlapping in turn-taking
can be problematic for the people involved.

 Eye contact
- During a conversation, turn-taking may involve a cued gaze that
prompts the listener that it is their turn or that the speaker is
finished talking.
 2.
Restriction
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○Restriction Communicative Strategy is a

strategy that constrains or restricts the
Response of the other person involved in the
Communication Situation. The Listener is
forced to respond only within a set of
categories that is made by the Speaker.
○Usually, topic restrictions can be identified
with questions which have dichotomous
responses
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Surveys often use dichotomous questions that

ask for a Yes/No, True/False or
Agree/Disagree response.
Examples:
- That arrest move was a disaster waiting to
happen. Do you agree? (Yes/No)
- Whether you are a (Male/Female)
 3.
Nomination
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 A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively

and productively establish a topic. Basically when you
employ this strategy you try to open a topic with the
people you are talking to
 Presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and
saying only what is relevant
 Collaboratively and productively establish a topic
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Examples:
“Do you have anything to say?”
“Have you heard the news about the most beautiful girl in
school?”
“Now, it’s your turn to ask questions.”
“Does that make sense to you?”
 4.
Topic Control
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 Keeping the interaction going by asking questions and
eliciting a response;
 Simply a question-answer formula that moves the discussion
forward
 Remember that regardless of the formality of the context,
topic control is achieved cooperatively. This only means that
when a topic is initiated, it should be collectively developed
by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. You
can make yourself actively involved in the conversation
without overly dominating it by using minimal responses like
“Yes”, “Okay”, “Go on”; asking tag questions to clarify
information briefly like You are excited, aren't you? ;and even
by laughing!
 5.
Topic Shifting
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 A diversionary tactic in which one person in a

discussion (the shifter) manages to subtly change the
discussion’s topic to another, related but different
topic, without explicitly announcing the change of
subject or reaching any kind of mutual agreement that
such a change is appropriate.
• Reasons this is done include: 20
 The shifter feels better able to defend their point of view on the
second topic than on the first (which is not a legitimate reason for
changing the topic, but the shifter may be doing so without realizing
it)
 The shifter views "winning the argument", or even "not losing the
argument" (e.g. allowing or encouraging the argument to devolve in
chaos, if a victory seems unlikely) as more important than working
towards a better understanding of the truth on the original topic
 The shifter truly sees the second topic as being at the heart of the
disagreement about the first topic (an honest and conscientious
arguer will state this point specifically so that the change can be
discussed, in which case it isn't "shifting" but a legitimate change to
the focus of the discussion)
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Assessment:
1. It is a type of organization in conversation and discourse Turn-Taking
where participants speak one at a time in alternating turns.
2. It is keeping the interaction going by asking questions and Topic Control
eliciting a response.
3. It is a strategy that constrains or restricts the Response of Restriction
the other person involved in the Communication Situation.
4. Basically when you employ this strategy you try to open a Nomination
topic with the people you are talking to.
5. A diversionary tactic in which one person in a discussion Topic Shifting
manages to subtly change the discussion’s topic to another.
6. These are plans/ways/means of sharing information which are 22
adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or
linguistic purpose . Communicative Strategies

7. One of the three components of turn-taking that contains the main

content of the utterance and is built from various unit types (Turn-
Construction Units, or TCUs). The Turn-taking component

8. Usually, topic restrictions can be identified with questions which

have _____. dichotomous responses

9. The use of ____________ is the hallmark of communicative

competence. Communicative Strategies

10. This may cue the hearer to know that they have a turn to speak Timing
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Sources:
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 http://issuepedia.org/Topic_shifting
 https://www.slideshare.net/englishIT/communication-
strategies-70782108
 https://prezi.com/f1e1acwst7mt/types-of-communicative-
strategies/