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Genetic Engineering

Mendel's experiments

 Gregor Mendel’s hybridization experiments with peas helped


him describe the basic rules of inheritance transmission.
 His work went unnoticed at the time of publication and it was
not until more than 30 years later when its true value was
discovered.
Publication of The Origin of Species

•The Origin of Species by Darwin introduces the


theory of evolution for the first time, according to
which populations evolve over the course of
generations through a process known as natural
selection.
• Years later it would be discovered that the
basis of evolution is in the genes.
The term "GENE" is coined • Wilhelm Johannsen coined the
word gen to describe the
Mendelian units of inheritance.
•Years before, they had already
begun to know more details about
what were now called genes, for
example, in 1869, Swiss physician
Johannes Friedrich Miescher
became the first scientist to isolate
nucleic acids, the active ingredient
in DNA.
• Years later, in 1910 Thomas Hunt
Morgan discovered that
chromosomes are the carriers of
genes.
Discovery of the function of genes

•With the link between chromosomes and


inheritance confirmed in 1903, geneticists
continued to delve into the knowledge of
genes.
• In 1941, geneticists Edward Tatum and
George Beadle published their work
revealing that genes encode proteins.
Discovery of the relationship between
genes and DNA
•Avery-MacLeod-McCarty’s experiment, which
isolated DNA as a genetic material, helped discover
that genes where made up of DNA
Discovery of the physical structure of
DNA
•The siege on the mystery of DNA was
narrowing and in 1953 Watson and Crick
described for the first time the structure of DNA,
the known double hélix
•. Rosalind Franklin discovered the DNA
structure was of vital importance DNA is made
up of nucleotide chains.
• Each nucleotide is made up of three basic
components, a sugar, an acid and an organic
"base". The base is always one of these four:
adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine
Deciphering of the genetic code
•Severo Ochoa, Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Mathaei
demonstrated that a sequence of three nucleotide bases, a
codon, determines each of the 20 existing amino acids.
DNA sequencing
•Frederick Sanger developed the first
method of DNA sequencing.
•This is a method to get the sequence of
a certain DNA fragment.
Dolly the sheep is born

•The birth of a sheep would not matter if it


were not because Dolly was the first
mammal cloned from an adult cell.
• Dolly only lived six and a half years, almost
half of what a normal sheep lives, which
revealed premature aging, because when he
was born he had the genetic age of the cell
from which he came.
"Final" compilation of the human
genome
•The objective of the Human Genome
Project was to determine the sequence of
all the genes of the human genome.
•This was a complex process of genetic
mapping that began in 1990 and was
terminated in 2006, with the publication of
the last chromosome sequence.

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