Animal Communication

Presented by:
Daniel
Noviyanti
Reza
Herlina

Advanced Linguistic
 Background of the Problem

Linguistic has many branches. It does not only learn human

communication but also learn animal communication.

Animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a

group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals
(receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of
the receivers.

Learning how they communicate is something interesting.

Mastering animal language can make us easily to communicate
to them.

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 Formulation of the Problem

What kind of communication

that the animals make to
communicate each other?

What is the function of

Animals Communication?

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 Objective of the Paper

1. To know the kind of communication

that the animal make to communicate.
2. To know the function of Animal
Communication.

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Advanced Linguistic
 1. Animal Communication

“Animal communication is classically defined as occurring when the action of

or cue given by one organism (the sender) is perceived by and thus alters the
probability pattern of behavior in another organism [the receiver] in a
fashion adaptive to either one both of the participants.” (Wilson, E.O.
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
(1975).

Greater sage grouse nicely illustrate such “true communication”; during the
mating season, males produce strutting displays that are energetically
expensive, and females use this honest information about male quality to
choose which individuals to mate with. (Vehrencamp, S.L., Bradbury J.W., &
Gibson R.M. The energetic cost of display in male sage grouse. Animal
Behaviour 38, 885-896 (1989).

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 2. Kind of Animal Communication
Gesture
The gesture means “a movement usually of the body or limbs
that expresses or emphasizes an idea, sentiment, or attitude.”
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gesture).
Example:
a. Male gorillas chest beat as a display of size and strength.
b. dogs understand human communicative gestures such as
pointing and direction of gaze in order to locate hidden food
and toys.

Facial expression
Facial gestures play an important role in animal communication. Often a
facial gesture is a signal of emotion.
Example:
Dogs express anger through snarling and showing their teeth. (Langford,
Advanced Linguistic D.J. et al., (2010). Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory
mouse. Nature Methods, May 9th. pp. 1-3.)
 Color change
Color change can be separated into changes that occur during growth and
development, and those triggered by mood, social context, or abiotic
factors such as temperature.
Example:
Some cephalopods, such as the octopus and the cuttlefish, have
specialized skin cells (chromatophores) that can change the apparent
colour, opacity, and reflectiveness of their skin. (Cloney, R.A.; Florey, E.
(1968). "Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs". Z. Zellforsch
Mikrosk. Anat. 89: 250–280)

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 Many animals communicate through vocalization. Vocal
communication serves many purposes, including mating
rituals, warning calls, conveying location of food sources,
and social learning.

The animal that uses sound to

communicate is a bird. Birds have two
types of sound signals; calls and songs.

The limitation on communication by touch is clearly that

of distance. It is nevertheless widely and perhaps
inevitably part of close-contact social and emotional
interactions between. (S.F. Walker, Birkbeck College,
University of London, UK).
examples:
Monkeys and apes spend a surprising amount of time
meticulously picking parasites and dirt from each other's
Advanced Linguistic
hair.
 The substances used as signals are known as
pheremones. These are secreted as liquid and
transmitted as liquids or gases. Pheremones may be
smelt as gases at great distances, but can also
operate locally. (S.F. Walker, Birkbeck College,
University of London, UK).
Example:
Sound communication of bird 1. The most well-known example is that of
skunks "spraying" their signature scents
when threatened.
2. Cats will rub against objects to make their
territories, leaving scent markers from their
mouths.

Chemical
communication of skunk

Apes touch
communication

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 3. The Function of Animal
Communication
1. Obtaining mates.
Even the most solitary species must engage in the social interactions
required for sexual reproduction. (S.F. Walker, Birkbeck College,
University of London, UK).
2. Establishing dominance or defending territory.
In many species, communication behaviors are important in
establishing dominance in a social hierarchy or defending
territory.
3. Coordinating group behaviors.
In social species, communication is key in coordinating the
activities of the group, such as food acquisition and defense, and
in maintaining group cohesion.
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 1. Animal communication is divided into
 Visual communication which is completed Such as signals include gestures,
facial expressions, body postures, color change.
 Facial expression is facial gesture of those animal
 Color change is unique features of the animal

2. There are three function of animal communication, such as

 Obtaining mate is involve attracting a mate or competing with other potential
suitors for access to mates.
 Establishing dominance or defending territory is communication behaviors are
important in establishing dominance in a social hierarchy or defending territory.
 Coordinating group behaviors is in social species such as food acquisition and
defense, and in maintaining group cohesion. Communication may be used, for
example, to direct other group members to a food source.

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Advanced Linguistic