Linked Genes

Linked Genes, Recombination

Frequency, Chi Square Analysis
 Bellringer
• Suppose an organism with genotype AaBbCC
is crossed with an organism with genotype
AaBbCc.
• What is the probability of producing an
offspring with genotype aabbCc?
• Hint: Take the traits one at a time: Aa x Aa,
etc…
 Dihybrid Practice
• In birds, green feathers (G) are dominant to
blue (g) and short beaks (S) are dominant to
long (s). What would be the expected
offspring of a cross between a heterozygous
green, short-beaked bird and a blue, long-
beaked bird?
Linked Genes
 Practice
• The numbers of offspring in a cross between
heterozygous green, short (GgSs) and blue, long
(ggss) were:
• 450 green, short
• 447 blue, long
• 55 green, long
• 49 blue, short
• Assuming these genes are linked, calculate the
percent recombination (cross-over frequency.)
Round to the nearest whole number.
 Bellringer/Practice
• In humans, the ability to roll the tongue is
dominant (R) as is the ability to taste the
chemical PTC (T). A man can roll his tongue
and taste PTC and is determined to be
heterozygous for both traits. He marries a
woman who can roll her tongue, but her
father could not. She cannot taste PTC. What
genotypes and phenotypes could their
children have?
 Practice
– In fruit flies, red eyes and normal wings are dominant (wild
type) while white eyes and vestigial wings are recessive
mutations. A heterozygous wild type female is mated with
a white eyed, vestigial-winged male. The following
offspring are observed:
– 750 white eyes, vestigial wings
– 791 red eyes, normal wings (wild type)
– 455 white eyes, normal wings
– 445 red eyes, vestigial wings
1) If these genes are on different chromosomes, what is the expected
outcome from this cross?
2) Does the data support the null hypothesis that these genes are on
different chromosomes?
 Bellringer/Math Assessment
In insects, long wings (L) are dominant to short (l) and green
abdomens (G) are dominant to brown (g). Several crosses are
made between insects that are heterozygous long and green
with insects that are short and brown. The observed numbers of
offspring are:
515 long, green
42 long, brown
505 short, brown
38 short, green
What is the percent recombination between these two genes?
Note: You cannot work with a partner. Circle your final answer
on your paper.
 Practice/Activity
• In the lab, there is a petri dish containing pieces of
paper for a taste test. Get ONE piece of paper and
place it on your tongue. If you can taste the chemical,
you will know it immediately. If it tastes like paper, you
are not a ‘taster’.
• Record your name on the overhead based on your
phenotype.
• The ability to taste is dominant; therefore, we assume
that 75% of the population should be tasters. Based on
this information, calculate the Chi Square data for our
class to see if our numbers show the standard
deviation.
• Hints: Get class totals and determine the EXPECTED
number of tasters and non-tasters; determine the
degrees of freedom; use the CORRECT probability
percentage on your chi square chart.
 Bellringer/Chi-Square Practice
• Students predict that approximately 5% of the student
body regularly attends basketball games played at
home. The student body at WCHS is roughly 1550
students. The last four basketball games had the
following student attendance:
• 71
• 56
• 67
• 84
• Perform a Chi square analysis in order to determine if
these attendance numbers are close enough to the
expected values to accept the null hypothesis.
 Bellringer
• Class totals from yesterday are on the board.
• Re-calculate the chi-squared value for all three
blocks combined. Express your number to the
nearest hundredth.
• Do you accept or reject the null hypothesis?
What was the null hypothesis??
 Bellringer
• In insects, long abdomens are dominant to short. The
gene is on the X chromosome. A heterozygous female
is mated with a male with a short abdomen. The
offspring numbers are:
– 120 long females
– 118 short females
– 122 long males
– 127 short males

– Perform a chi-squared analysis of this data. Do you accept

or reject the null hypothesis that these numbers are due to
chance alone? Why or why not?