PLANNING MODEL IN WESTERN URBAN PLANNING. •CREATED BY EBENEZER HOWARD IN 1898 TO SOLVE URBAN AND RURAL PROBLEMS. •HOWARD READ WIDELY, INCLUDING EDWARD BELLAMY'S 1888 UTOPIAN NOVEL, LOOKING BACKWARD, AND HENRY GEORGE'S ECONOMIC TREATISE, PROGRESS AND POVERTY, AND THOUGHT MUCH ABOUT SOCIAL ISSUES. HE DISLIKED THE WAY MODERN CITIES WERE BEING DEVELOPED AND THOUGHT PEOPLE SHOULD LIVE IN PLACES THAT SHOULD COMBINE THE BEST ASPECTS OF BOTH CITIES AND TOWNS. THE CONCEPT •GARDEN CITY – AN IMPRESSIVE DIAGRAM OF THE THREE MAGNETS NAMELY THE TOWN MAGNET, THE COUNTRY MAGNET WITH THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES AND THE THIRD MAGNET WITH ATTRACTIVE FEATURES OF BOTH TOWN AND COUNTRY LIFE. •NATURALLY PEOPLE PREFFERED THE THIRD ONE NAMELY GARDEN CITY. CORE GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLES: •STRONG COMMUNITY •ORDERED DEVELOPMENT •ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY THESE WERE TO BE ACHIEVED BY: •UNIFIED OWNERSHIP OF LAND TO PREVENT INDIVIDUAL LAND. •SPECULATION AND MAXIMIZE COMMUNTIY BENEFITS. •CAREFUL PLANNING TO PROVIDE GENEROUS LIVING AND WORKING SPACE WHILE MAINTAINING NATURAL QUALITIES. •SOCIAL MIX AND GOOD COMMUNITY FACILITIES. •LIMIT TO GROWTH OF EACH GARDEN CITY. •LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN DECISION ABOUT DEVELOPMENT. AFFORDABILITY: •HOWARD WANTED GARDEN CITY FOR ALL INCOMES. •MOST ORIGINALLY FOR THOSE OF MODEST INCOMES. •THERE ATTRACTIVNESS AS LIVING ENVIRONMENTS HAS OFTEN MADE THEM BECAME MORE POPULAR WITH BETTER OFF PEOPLE. •IT IS AN IDEAL CITY INDUSTRY IS BALANCED WITH AGRICULTURE, HOUSING CAREFULLY DISTRIBUTED, AND TRANSPORT RATIONALISED. •HOWEVER, THE 32,000 INHABITANTS OF THIS GARDEN CITY ARE MORE MIXED, BY AGE, OCCUPATION AND ABILITIES. •ALONG WITH BRICKFIELDS, FACTORIES AND MARKETS ARE CHILDREN’S COTTAGE HOMES, INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, CONVALESCENT HOMES, ASYLUMS FOR THE BLIND AND DEAF, AND EVEN A FARM FOR EPILEPTICS. THIS IS A CITY FOR THE STRONG AND WEAK, AND WHERE THE WEAK GROW IN STRENGTH. APPLICATION LETCHWORTH, ENGLAND, UK •LETCHWORTH – 35MILES FROM LONDON. •LAND OF 3822 ACRES. •RESERVED GREEN BELT – 1300 ACRES. •DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM OF 35OOO POPULATION. •IN 30 YEARS – DEVELOPED WITH 15000 POPULATION AND 150 SHOPS, INDUSTRIES. •WELWYN CITY IS A TOWN WITHIN THE WELWYN HATFIELD BOROUGH OF HERTFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND. •PLANNED BY LOUIS DE SOISSONS 1921 •WELWYN GARDEN CITY WAS THE SECOND GARDEN CITY IN ENGLAND (FOUNDED 1920) AND ONE OF THE FIRST NEW TOWNS (DESIGNATED 1948). •IT IS UNIQUE IN BEING BOTH A GARDEN CITY AND A NEW TOWN AND EXEMPLIFIES THE PHYSICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PLANNING IDEALS OF