COAL TRADE BETWEEN

THE USA AND INDIA

Zahraa Alawami 201500054
Bayan Alqari 201600973
Objectives

1. Overview
2. NETS analysis
• Exporting process
• The voyage
• Importing process
 Coal trade in the USA

■ The United States is second worldwide in coal production

■ In the first quarter of 2017, the U.S. exported 22.3 million short tons of coal (11% of total
production)

■ The largest 3 markets were the Netherlands (15% of all exports), South Korea (9.5%), and
India (8.5%)
 Coal trade in Norfolk, USA port
The seaport at Norfolk, Virginia

■ U.S. coal exports are mainly shipped from eight ports

■ Norfolk, the largest coal port, shipped 23.1 MMst of coal

■ Accounted for 38% of total U.S. coal exports

Coal trade in Mundra, India port
■ One of the most famous discharge ports in West India

■ The largest port in India since 2016 handling over 100 million tonnes of cargo

■ Mundra port registered maximum quantity of coal imported to India

Mundra port
Coal exporting process
Norfolk port Infrastructure
The different piers in Norfolk international terminal
Pier 6 – coal railcar yard
Coal is moved by conveyor belts
 Skill
Bulldozer operator : the
license & the ability to
operate the bulldozer and
have knowledge about the
different locations of coal

Coal is moved by bulldozers with bulk blades

Reclaiming coal by a bucket-wheel reclaimer Loading coal into a conveyor

Skill
Bucket wheel reclaimer operator: the ability to operate the
reclaimer and have knowledge about how to move the coal into
the conveyor and the amount that should be moved
Coal is moved to the quayside berth area
 Skill
The ability for operators at Central Control
Room to operate the ship-loaders, using IT
skills, knowledge of exporting and handling
process of the coal and tandem

Loading vessels with coal using ship-loaders

A vessel loaded with coal
Auxiliary services
Coal water spraying
Terminal cameras
 Fire watch
■ There must be at least one qualified person assigned to fire watch with
no other duties

■ The qualified person must be trained on using fire extinguishers and

sounding the alarm

■ A fire extinguisher must be present in the work area with a current

annual inspection
Coal ground storage
N4 Operating system

■ Improves vessel load and discharge

■ Improves yard planning and rail processes

■ Improves visibility into operations

Regulations
Coal security surcharge

■ Norfolk is one of the terminals that Virginia port authority operates

■ In September 1, 2012 Virginia port authority proposed to include a security

surcharge for bulk cargo
SOLAS in Norfolk port

■ In 2016, the United States Coast Guard issued a Maritime Safety Bulletin, declaring
an Equivalency to the SOLAS regulation

■ Consistent with the SOLAS convention, any equipment currently being used is
complied with Federal or State laws
Coal dust regulations:

■ 200,000 coal rail cars arrive yearly at Pier 6 terminal

■ Norfolk coal terminal never had a permit regulating coal emissions

■ The state Department of Environmental Quality inspects Pier 6 at least once every
five years for air pollution
 IMSBC Code
■ The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code

■ Facilitates the safe stowage and shipment of solid bulk cargoes

■ The shipper shall mention the characteristics of the cargo and the recommended safe
handling procedures for loading and transport of the bulk cargo to the vessel master, and
whether the cargo may be liable to emit methane or self-heat
Skills
 Job positions

■ The Hampton Roads Shipping Association (HRSA) is

responsible for providing job positions

■ All positions at The Port of Virginia require the

Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)

■ TWIC is required by the Maritime Transportation Security Act

Training programs

■ Executive Safety Leadership and Supervisor Safety Leadership Training Programs:

• Educates the port executives and managers on the proper strategies to reduce
accidents

■ The Terminal Safety Infraction Policy (TSIP):

• Instituted to reward excellence and correct unsafe activity
• TSIP requires all port workers to comply with 35 fundamental health and safety rules
across all facilities
Internship programs

■ In 2016 The Port of Virginia welcomed 15 college students into the summer
internship program

■ After the program had concluded, three of those students began work at the port
The voyage
Traffic in Norfolk and Mundra port
Coal trade from Norfolk to Mundra port
Alternative route
Norfolk port, vessels schedule
Mundra port, vessels schedule
Considered regulations
BLU Code and BLU Manual

■ The Code of Practice for the Safe Loading and Unloading of Bulk
Carriers

■ Aims to prevent accidents or loss of ships carrying solid bulk

cargoes as a result of improper loading and unloading practices

 The BLU Manual provides guidance to ship masters of bulk carriers, terminal
operators of the safe handling, loading and unloading of solid bulk cargoes
Coal importing process
Mundra port Infrastructure
Skill
Crane operator: the ability to operate
the crane and have knowledge about
the vessel’s holds location.

The coal is unloaded using a mobile harbor crane and loaded

into a mobile hopper
Coal terminal in Mundra, coal is loaded into a conveyor belt
Coal terminal of Mundra – the coal storage yards
Coal is moved by coal stacker\reclaimer or excavator
Coal is loaded again into a hopper
 Skill
Truck operator : the license
& the ability to drive the
trucks and having
knowledge of using GPS

Coal is loaded into a rail wagon or a truck

Auxiliary
Dynamic vessel monitoring system (DVMS)

■ DVMS system integrated with Port Information System (PIS) and other applications
like APMS, GPS and FMS system

■ Monitors the overall vessel and balances the line of supply chain

■ The supply chain in a dry cargo operation comprises of the shore cranes / vessel
cranes, hopper, dumpers / trailers / conveyors and back up equipment
 Dust suppression

■ Water spraying in the coal storage area

■ Dust extraction system provided in coal transfer houses

■ Closed conveyor system

■ Wind shield in the ground storage area

 Lost Time Injury (LTI)

■ 12,265 man-days were lost due to 11 lost time injuries &

2 fatal accidents.
Skills
Holistic Community Development Plan (HCDP)
 Mundra faced a challenge in finding skilled manpower that are specialized in heavy
and earth moving equipment in required numbers

 HCDP helps local youth in finding jobs and helps Mundra to find the required
personnel

 The program features:

1- Theoretical knowledge through classroom sessions
2- Practical training using modern simulator (replicating cranes virtually)
3- On the job training for real operations
Training Centre

■ APSEZ has a dedicated training center at Mundra.

■ Training programs:
1- Basic fire fighting training
2- Traffic management & traffic duties
3- Visitor management
4- Security SOPs
5- Traffic management and control
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Thank you