Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
2
The Role of Government
Mixed Economy
Market Failure
Public Goods
Externalities
1. To be able to explain the role of government
especially in the effort to achieve relative health of
economy
2. To explain the attributes of Mixed Economy
3. To discuss the various forms of market failure which
require government interventions
4. To analyze the characteristics of public goods and
the constraints of providing it
5. To understand the existence and the influences of
externalities in public financial management.
THE SCENARIO OF GOVERNMENT FINANCE ACTIVITY
• Definition:
• Where the market mechanism fails to
allocate resources efficiently
– Social Efficiency
– Allocative Efficiency
– Technical Efficiency
– Productive Efficiency
Market Failure
Allocative efficiency:
Also referred to as
Market Power:
Existence of oligopolies
Collusion – conspiracy in the market
Price fixing
Abnormal profits
Barriers to entry
The Existence of Market Failure
External benefits
The benefits to a third party as a result of a decision by another party
3. Lack of a Market for a Good with a Marginal Social Benefit that
Exceeds its. / Private sector failure in producing goods – PUBLIC
GOODS
-in cases where useful goods and services cannot be provided
efficiently through markets because it is impossible or difficult to sell
the good by unit.
-Benefits of such goods can be shared only and these goods are
public goods. E.g. National Defense
4. Incomplete Information -People often demand that government
intervene in markets because of incomplete info about the risks of
purchasing certain products or working in certain occupations.
-E.g. We rely on government to test new drugs and to prevent
hazardous products from being sold. And we also rely on government
to established standards for safety in the workplace.
5. Economic Stabilization
-Market imperfection, such as downwardly rigid wages, give rise to
excessive unemployment in response to decreases in aggregate
demand
-Budget Constraints
-Branding
-Designer labels - they cost three times as much but are they three
times the quality?
-Technology – lack of understanding of the impact
-Labelling and product information
7. Imperfect Knowledge:
•Distribution of income
•Wealth distribution
•Discrimination
•Housing
Government Functions to Overcome Market Failure
3. Non-rival in consumption
– a given quantity of a public good can be enjoyed by more than
one consumer without decreasing the amounts enjoyed by rival
consumers.
-E.g. television and radio transmission & national defense. If rival =
private goods.
The free rider problem stems from the incentive people have to
enjoy the external benefits financed by others, with no cost to
themselves.
Externalities
•Condition
required is that
price = marginal
cost
•When this
condition is
satisfied, total
economic welfare
is maximized.
Economic Welfare & Subsidies