NAME REG NO COURSE

JOANNES BILASHO T/UDOM/2014/02833 BSC CE

ANDREW UMBEDO T/UDOM/2014/02797 BSC CE
KIWIA DENIS T/UDOM/2014/2825 BSC CE
KENETH S COSMAS T/UDOM/2014/02785 BSC CE
T/UDOM/2014/ BSC CE
T/UDOM/2014/ BSC CE
T/UDOM/2014/ BSC CE
T/UDOM/2014/ BSC CE
T/UDOM/2014/ BSC CE
T/UDOM/2014/ BSC CE
• RAID or Redundant Array of Independent Disks, is a technology to
connect multiple secondary storage devices and use them as a single
storage media.
• RAID consists of an array of disks in which multiple disks are
connected together to achieve different goals. RAID levels define the
use of disk arrays.
• A RAID system consists of two or more drives working in parallel.
These disks can be hard discs, but there is a trend to also use the
technology for SSD (solid state drives).
• There are different RAID levels, each optimized for a specific situation.
These are not standardized by an industry group or standardization
committee.
• This explains why companies sometimes come up with their own
unique numbers and implementations.
• The software to perform the RAID-functionality and control the drives
can either be located on a separate controller card (a hardware RAID
controller) or it can simply be a driver.

• Sometimes disks in a storage system are defined as JBOD, which

stands for ‘Just a Bunch Of Disks’. This means that those disks do not
use a specific RAID level and acts as stand-alone disks. This is often
done for drives that contain swap files or spooling data
RAID 0
• In this level, a striped array of disks is implemented. The data is
broken down into blocks and the blocks are distributed among disks.
Each disk receives a block of data to write/read in parallel. It enhances
the speed and performance of the storage device. There is no parity
and backup in Level 0.
• All storage capacity is used, there is no overhead.
• The technology is easy to implement.
• RAID 0 is ideal for non-critical storage of data that have to be
read/written at a high speed, such as on an image retouching or video
editing station
RAID 0
RAID 1
• RAID 1 uses mirroring techniques. When data is sent to a RAID controller,
it sends a copy of data to all the disks in the array. RAID level 1 is also
called mirroring and provides 100% redundancy in case of a failure
• RAID 1 offers excellent read speed and a write-speed that is comparable
to that of a single drive.
• In case a drive fails, data do not have to be rebuild, they just have to be
copied to the replacement drive.
• However, The main disadvantage is that the effective storage capacity is
only half of the total drive capacity because all data get written twice.
RAID 1
RAID 2
• RAID 2 records Error Correction Code using Hamming distance for its
data, striped on different disks.
• Like level 0, each data bit in a word is recorded on a separate disk and
ECC codes of the data words are stored on a different set disks.
• Due to its complex structure and high cost, RAID 2 is not commercially
available
RAID 2
RAID 3
• RAID 3 stripes the data onto multiple disks. The parity bit generated
for data word is stored on a different disk. This technique makes it to
overcome single disk failures.
RAID 4
In this level, an entire block of data is written onto data disks and then
the parity is generated and stored on a different disk.
Note that level 3 uses byte-level striping, whereas level 4 uses block-
level striping.
Both level 3 and level 4 require at least three disks to implement RAID
RAID 5
• RAID 5 writes whole data blocks onto different disks, but the parity
bits generated for data block stripe are distributed among all the data
disks rather than storing them on a different dedicated disk.
• RAID 5 requires at least three disks, but it is often recommended to
use at least five disks for performance reasons.
• RAID 5 arrays are generally considered to be a poor choice for use on
write-intensive systems because of the performance impact
associated with writing parity information.
NESTED RAIDS LEVELS
• Some RAID levels are referred to as nested RAID because they are
based on a combination of RAID levels. Here are some examples of
nested RAID levels.
• Example:
• (RAID 1+0): Combining RAID 1 and RAID 0, this level is often referred
to as RAID 10.
• (RAID 5+0): This configuration combines RAID 5 distributed parity
with RAID 0 striping to improve RAID 5 performance without reducing
data protection.
RAID 5
RAID 6
• RAID 6 is an extension of level 5. In this level, two independent
parities are generated and stored in distributed fashion among
multiple disks. Two parities provide additional fault tolerance.
• This level requires at least four disk drives to implement RAID.
BENEFITS OF RAIDS
• Performance, resiliency and cost are among the major benefits of
RAID.
• By putting multiple hard drives together, RAID can improve on the
work of a single hard drive and, depending on how it is configured,
can increase computer speed and reliability after a crash.
• With RAID 0, files are split up and distributed across drives that work
together on the same file. As such, reads and writes can be performed
faster than with a single drive.
DOWNSIDES OF RAID
• Nested RAID levels are more expensive to implement than traditional
RAID levels because they require a greater number of disks.
• The cost per GB of storage is also higher for nested RAID because so
many of the drives are used for redundancy.
• Nested RAID has become popular in spite of its cost because it helps
to overcome some of the reliability problems associated with
standard RAID levels.