Conversion Factors

for
Oilfield Units
 Need for Unit Conversions
• Petroleum Engineers must be able to work with various unit
systems
– International scope of industry
• Unit systems used varies geographically
• Team members may not all be located in same geographical location
• Joint ventures between companies
– Particular units may be required at your location
• Legislated units for reporting and regulatory compliance
• Company protocol
 Oilfield Units
• Oilfield units are non-coherent
– Newton’s 2nd Law (F=ma)
• SI: Force (Newton) is a derived unit to make equation coherent
• USCS: Mass (slugs) is a derived unit to make equation coherent
• AES, Oilfield Units: A unit conversion constant required (F=ma/g c )
– Darcy’s Law
• Darcy units: Permeability is a derived unit to make equation coherent
• SI: coherent (permeability unit is m2 )
• Oilfield Units: A unit conversion constant is required
– The constant may include geometry terms (integrated form)
– For gas flow, the constant may include standard temperature and pressure, even for
Darcy and SI units

q  C k dΦ
vs  
A μ ds
 Learning Objectives
• Deriving unit conversion constants
– Given
• A physical relationship expressed as an equation, using coherent units or with a
correct conversion constant supplied
• and appropriate unit conversion factors between unit systems
– Find
• The required unit conversion constant (including its units) to express the
equation in a different unit system

• Correctly apply Darcy Equations for incompressible fluid and real

gas, using oilfield units
– See handout, “Darcy Equations”
• Note definitions of standard temperature and pressure for the Real Gas cases
 Darcy’s Law - Darcy Units
• Linear (1-D) flow of an incompressible fluid
kA
q  Δp
μL
– where,
• q cm3/s
• k darcies
• A cm2
 p atm
 cp
• L cm

– The Darcy a derived unit of permeability, defined to make this equation

coherent (in Darcy units)
 Darcy’s Law - Oilfield Units
• Linear (1-D) flow of an incompressible fluid
CkA
q  Δp
μL
– where,
• q bbl/D
• k millidarcies
• A ft2
 p psia
 cp
• L ft

– The approach demonstrated will be to convert each term back to Darcy

units, restoring the coherent equation, then collecting the conversion factors
to obtain the oilfield unit constant, C
 Darcy’s Law - Oilfield Units
q [cm3/s] = q [bbl/D] · 5.61458 [ft3/bbl] · (30.48)3 [cm3/ft3] · (1/86400) [D/s]
= 1.84013 [(cm3/s)/(bbl/D)] · q [bbl/D]

k [d] = k [md] · (1/1000) [d/md]

A [cm2] = A [ft2] · (30.48)2 [cm2/ft2]

p [atm] = p [psia] · (1/14.6959) [atm/psia]

L [cm] = L [ft] · 30.48 [cm/ft]

k[md] 0.001[d/md] A[ft 2 ]  929.03[cm2 /ft 2 ]

q[bbl/D] 1.84013[(cm /s)/(bbl/D)] 
3

μ[cp] L[ft]  30.48[cm/ft]

  Δp[psia] 0.068046[atm/psia]
 Darcy’s Law - Oilfield Units
– Collecting the constants and canceling

0.001127 k[md] A[ft 2 ]

q[bbl/D]   Δp[psia]
μ[cp] L[ft]

• The unit of the constant is defined from the above equation

[bbl/D]  [cp]  [ft]
C  0.0011271
[md][ft 2 ][psia]

• We were able to cancel leaving the units of C as shown above because,

[cm 3 /s]  [cp]  [cm]
1[d]  1
[cm 2 ][atm]
 Static Pressure Gradient - SI Units
• Static pressure gradient of a fluid

dp  ρ g dh

– where,
• p Pa = N/m2 = (kgm/s2)/(m2) = kg/(ms2)
 kg/m3
• g 9.80665 m/s2
• h m

– Coherent for SI units

 Static Pressure Gradient - Oilfield Units
• Static pressure gradient of a fluid
ρg
dp  dh
D
– where,
• p psi = lbf/in2
 lbm/ft3
• g 32.174 ft/s2
• h ft
Static Pressure Gradient - Oilfield Units
p [Pa] = p [psi] · 6894.757[Pa/psi]

 [kg/m3] =  [lbm/ft3] · 16.01846 [kg/m3)/(lbm/ft3)]

h [m] = h [ft] · 0.3048 [m/ft]

dp[psi]  6894.757[Pa/psi]  ρ[lb m /ft 3 ]  16.01846[(kg/m3 )/(lb m /ft 3 )]

 g[ft/s2]  0.3048[m/ft]
 dh[ft]  0.3048[m/ft]
• Because the constant D is on the bottom, collect terms on left and cancel using
definition of Pascal [Pa]
D=4633.06 [(lbm /ft3)(ft/s2)(ft)/(psia)]

• Alternate derivation from dimensional homogeneity (self study)

D=(144 [in2/ft2]) · (32.174[(lbm·ft)/(lbf·s2)])
– OR
D=4633.06 [(in2/ft2)·(lbm·ft)/(lbf·s2)])
 Handout - Darcy Equations
• Darcy Equations for Real Gas
• For pseudopressure, m(p), the unit conversion constant, C, is the
same as for p2 equation (Constant (z g))
 (p12  p22 ) 
  Replaced by  m(p1 )  m(p2 )
 z μ g 

– A single term of the equation is replaced with the term in brackets having the
same units and meaning:

p
 Term   2 p
p1
dp
2 zμ
g

• Note that in oilfield units, m(p) has units of [psia2/cp]

• Note the constant, C, includes the 1/2 from integration